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Particularly, the 15-30% of patients with\nCHF, especially those with severe ventricular dysfunction, display the so-called low T3 syndrome\n(LT3S), which seems to negatively affect the cardiovascular prognosis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Only a few clinical trials have been carried out to verify both the safety and the efficacy of\nthyroid replacement in the LT3S, aiming to ameliorate the prognosis of CHF, and most of the results\nwere controversial.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p> Since the aim of the present review was to briefly overview both the indication and contraindication\nof triiodothyronine replacement in CHF and LT3S, the authors searched PubMed using the\nmedical subject headings (MeSH) related to the following terms: \u201ccongestive heart failure\u201d and \u201clow\nT3 syndrome\u201d or \u201ceuthyroid sick syndrome\u201d or \u201cnon-thyroidal sick syndrome\u201d. The research study\nonly focused on the narrative and systematic reviews, randomized clinical trials and meta-analysis\nstudies which were conducted before June 2019.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Studies conducted in both animal models and humans provided controversial information\nabout the effectiveness and safety of the T3 replacement for improving ventricular dysfunction, particularly\nin the long-term.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Further clinical trials are needed to better explore the role of LT3S in patients with CHF\nand its consequent therapeutic strategy in this clinical setting.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530319666191119112950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]],"date-time":"2019-11-19T16:01:07Z","timestamp":1574179267000},"page":"646-653","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Congestive Heart Failure and Thyroid Dysfunction: The Role of the Low T3 Syndrome and Therapeutic Aspects"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6521-8578","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lisco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Unit of Internal Medicine, Miulli Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti, Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6341-6140","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna","family":"De Tullio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Local Health District of Bari, Section of Endocrinology, Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9613-5062","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Massimo","family":"Iacoviello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Cardiology Unit, Cardiothoracic Department, Policlinic University Hospital, Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6308-0528","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Triggiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.25","volume":"13","author":"Ziaeian B.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ziaeian B.; Fonarow G.C.; Epidemiology and aetiology of heart failure. 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