{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T02:25:53Z","timestamp":1790475953146,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["eurekaselect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["EMIDDT"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cannabis sativa L. (C. sativa) is a plant whose use as a therapeutic agent shares its origins with the first Far East\u2019s human societies. Cannabis has been used not only for recreational purposes but as food to obtain textile fibers, to produce hemp paper, to treat many physical and mental disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review aims to provide a complete assessment of the deep knowledge of the cannabis psychoactive effects and medicinal properties in the course of history covering i.) The empirical use of the seeds and the inflorescences to treat many physical ailments by the ancient Oriental physicians\u2019 ii.) The current use of cannabis as a therapeutic agent after the discovery of its key psychoactive constituent and the human endogenous endocannabinoid system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was performed through a detailed analysis of the studies on the historical significance and medical applications of Cannabis sativa by using international scientific databases, historical and medical books, ancient Greek and Chinese manuscripts translations, library and statistical data from government reports and texts from the National Library of Greece (Stavros Niarchos Foundation), from the School of Health Sciences of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (Greece). We selected papers and texts focusing on a historical point of view about the medical importance of the plant and its applications for a therapeutic purpose in the past.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Through a detailed analysis of the available resources about the origins of C. sativa, we found that its use by ancient civilizations as a source of food and textile fibers dates back over 10,000 years, while its therapeutic applications have been improved over the centuries, from the ancient East medicine of the 2nd and 1st millennium B.C. to the more recent introduction in the Western world after the 1st century A.D. In the 20th and 21st centuries, Cannabis and its derivatives have been considered as a menace and banned throughout the world, but nowadays, they are still the most widely consumed illicit drugs all over the world. Its legalization in some jurisdictions has been accompanied by new lines of research to investigate its possible applications for medical and therapeutic purposes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530320666200520095900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T16:51:32Z","timestamp":1589993492000},"page":"407-417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["The Cannabis Spread throughout the Continents and its Therapeutic Use in History"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3527-7483","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ioannis A.","family":"Charitos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEDICLO \u2013 Interdepartmental Research Center for Pre-Latin, Latin and Oriental Rights and Culture Studies, University of Bari,Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9188-7601","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roberto","family":"Gagliano-Candela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Service of Forensic Toxicology, University of Bari,Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5671-8124","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luigi","family":"Santacroce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEDICLO \u2013 Interdepartmental Research Center for Pre-Latin, Latin and Oriental Rights and Culture Studies, University of Bari,Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4176-3939","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lucrezia","family":"Bottalico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEDICLO \u2013 Interdepartmental Research Center for Pre-Latin, Latin and Oriental Rights and Culture Studies, University of Bari,Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2018.0039]","volume":"3","author":"Mc Partland J.M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mc Partland J.M.; Cannabis systematics at the levels of family, genus, and species. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2018,3(1),203-212","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"key":"ref=2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.01.004","volume":"79","author":"ElSohly M.A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"ElSohly M.A.; Mehmedic Z.; Foster S.; Gon C.; Chandra S.; Church J.C.; Changes in Cannabis potency over the last 2 decades (1995-2014): analysis of current data in the United States. Biol Psychiatry 2016,79(7),613-619","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref=3","volume":"Vol. 1","year":"1959","unstructured":"Archaeology in China Cheng Te-K\u2019un1959,Vol. 1","journal-title":"Archaeology in China"},{"key":"ref=4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02861426","volume":"28","author":"Li H-L.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Li H-L.; The origin and use of Cannabis in Eastern Asia linguistic-cultural implications. Econ Bot 1974,28(3),293-301","journal-title":"Econ Bot"},{"key":"ref=5","author":"Chang K.C.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Chang K.C.; The Archaeology of Ancient China 1986","journal-title":"The Archaeology of Ancient China"},{"key":"ref=6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Fairbairn A.","unstructured":"Fairbairn A.; Martinoli D.; Butler A.; Hillman G.; Wild plant seed storage at Neolithic \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck C\u00b8 atalh\u00a8oy\u00a8uk East, Turkey. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot., 2007, 16, 467-479.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00334-006-0069-3"},{"key":"ref=7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02862859","volume":"28","author":"Li H.L.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Li H.L.; Lin H.; An archaeological and historical account of cannabis in China. Econ Bot 1974,28(4),437-447","journal-title":"Econ Bot"},{"key":"ref=8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110812060.247","author":"Fisher J.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Fisher J.; Cannabis and Culture 1975","journal-title":"Cannabis and Culture"},{"key":"ref=9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1981.10471447","volume":"13","author":"Touw M.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Touw M.; The religious and medicinal uses of Cannabis in China, India and Tibet. J Psychoactive Drugs 1981,13(1),23-34","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"ref=10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1841914","author":"Ho P.T.","unstructured":"Ho P.T.; The loess and the origin of Chinese agriculture. Am Hist Rev, 1969, 75(1), 1-36","journal-title":"Am Hist Rev, 1969, 75(1), 1-36"},{"key":"ref=11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Li H.L.","unstructured":"Li H.L.; Hallucinogenic plants in Chinese herbals. J. Psychedelic Drugs, 1978, 10(1), 17-26.","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1978.10471863"},{"key":"ref=12","first-page":"35","author":"Aldrich M.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Aldrich M.; History of therapeutic cannabis Cannabis in medical practice 1997,35-55","journal-title":"History of therapeutic cannabis Cannabis in medical practice"},{"key":"ref=13","first-page":"34","volume":"110","author":"Mikuriya T.H.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Mikuriya T.H.; Marijuana in medicine: past, present and future. Calif Med 1969,110(1),34-40","journal-title":"Calif Med"},{"key":"ref=14","author":"Du Toit B.M.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Du Toit B.M.; Cannabis in Africa 1980","journal-title":"Cannabis in Africa"},{"key":"ref=15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110812060.81.","author":"Du Toit B.M.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Du Toit B.M.; Dagga: The history and ethnographic setting of Cannabis sativa in Southern Africa Cannabis and culture 1975","journal-title":"Dagga: The history and ethnographic setting of Cannabis sativa in Southern Africa Cannabis and culture"},{"key":"ref=16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00322236","volume":"352","author":"Parsche F.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Parsche F.; Nerlich A.; Presence of drugs in different tissues of an Egyptian mummy. Fresenius J Anal Chem 1995,352,380-384","journal-title":"Fresenius J Anal Chem"},{"key":"ref=17","author":"Woog A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Woog A.; The Mysterious and Unknown series: Mummies, Imprint 2009","journal-title":"The Mysterious and Unknown series: Mummies, Imprint"},{"key":"ref=18","author":"Bennet C.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bennet C.; Cannabis and the Soma Solution First edition Trine Day, LCC, 2010","journal-title":"Cannabis and the Soma Solution First edition Trine Day, LCC,"},{"key":"ref=19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Butrica J.L.P.","unstructured":"Butrica J.L.P.; The medical use of cannabis among the Greeks and Romans. J. Cannabis Ther., 2002, 2(2)","DOI":"10.1300\/J175v02n02_04"},{"key":"ref=20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0565-100","volume":"212","author":"Artamonov M.I.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Artamonov M.I.; Frozen Tombs of the Scythians. Scientific American, 1965,212(5),100-109","journal-title":"Scientific American,"},{"key":"ref=21","author":"Macaulay G.C.","year":"1890","unstructured":"Macaulay G.C.; The History of Herodotus, parallel English\/Greek, pub 1890","journal-title":"The History of Herodotus, parallel English\/Greek, pub"},{"key":"ref=22","first-page":"214","author":"Emboden W.A.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Emboden W.A.; Jr Ritual use of Cannabis sativa L: A historical-ethnographic survey Flesh of the Gods: The Ritual Use of Hallucinogens New York 1972,214-236","journal-title":"Jr Ritual use of Cannabis sativa L: A historical-ethnographic survey Flesh of the Gods: The Ritual Use of Hallucinogens New York"},{"key":"ref=23","first-page":"221","volume":"9","author":"Brunner T.F.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Brunner T.F.; Marijuana in ancient Greece and Rome? The literary evidence. J. Psychedelic Drugs, Drugs. History and Culture 1977,9(3),221-225","journal-title":"History and Culture"},{"key":"ref=24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3353","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2019.474]","volume":"137","author":"Bottalico L.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bottalico L.; Charitos I.A.; Kolveris N.; D\u2019Agostino D.; Topi S.; Ballini A.; Santacroce L.; Philosophy and hippocratic ethic in ancient Greek society: evolution of hospital \u2013 sanctuaries. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019,137(19),3353-3357","journal-title":"Open Access Maced J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref=25","volume":"124","author":"Santacroce L.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Santacroce L.; Bottalico L.; Charitos I.A.; Greek medicine practice at ancient Rome: the physician molecularist Asclepiades. Medicines (Basel) 2017,124(4)","journal-title":"Medicines (Basel)"},{"key":"ref=26","author":"Douglas Olson S.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Douglas Olson S.; Athenaeus Naucratita, Athenaeus (of Naucratis), The Learned Banqueters: Books III 106e-V, Loeb classical library 2006","journal-title":"Athenaeus Naucratita, Athenaeus (of Naucratis), The Learned Banqueters: Books III 106e-V, Loeb classical library"},{"key":"ref=27","author":"Barrett T.H.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Barrett T.H.; The Woman Who Discovered Printing 2008","journal-title":"The Woman Who Discovered Printing"},{"key":"ref=28","author":"Reardon-Anderson J.","unstructured":"Reardon-Anderson J.; Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Part I. Paper and Printing. By Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin; Joseph, Needham. Ed.; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986, 5, p. 485. The China Quarterly, 108, 733-735"},{"key":"ref=29","first-page":"1907","author":"Dioscorides","unstructured":"Dioscorides ; Euporista and Materia Medica ,1907-1914","journal-title":"Euporista and Materia Medica"},{"key":"ref=30","unstructured":"Available at http:\/\/www.poesialatina.it\/_ns\/greek\/testi\/Galenus\/De_victu_attenuante.html"},{"key":"ref=31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203820803","author":"Russo E.B.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Russo E.B.; The Handbook of Cannabis Therapeutics: From Bench to Bedside 2014","journal-title":"The Handbook of Cannabis Therapeutics: From Bench to Bedside"},{"key":"ref=32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520342200","author":"Habicht C.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Habicht C.; Pausanias\u2019 Guide to Ancient Greece, Sather Classical Lectures 1985","journal-title":"Pausanias\u2019 Guide to Ancient Greece, Sather Classical Lectures"},{"key":"ref=33","author":"Ian I.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Ian I.; Mayhoff C.; 1967"},{"key":"ref=34","author":"Hatsis T.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hatsis T.; Psychedelic Mystery Traditions: Spirit Plants, Magical Practices, and Ecstatic States Paperback 2018","journal-title":"Psychedelic Mystery Traditions: Spirit Plants, Magical Practices, and Ecstatic States Paperback"},{"key":"ref=35","author":"Tsagaris I.M.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tsagaris I.M.; (\u03a4\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 \u0399.\u039c.), The roots of chemistry, The primal chemistry of ancient Greeks and Byzantines (\u039f\u03b9 \u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, \u0397 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03bb\u03ae\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0392\u03c5\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry (\u03a3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u0398\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, \u03a4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03a7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2), \u0388\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7: \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u0399\u03c9\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd (Editor: University of Ioannina), Greek edition 2005 http:\/\/olympias.lib.uoi.gr\/jspui\/handle\/123456789\/7230?mode=full"},{"key":"ref=36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2019.1645597","volume":"17","author":"Santacroce L.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Santacroce L.; Charitos I.A.; Bottalico L.; A successful history: probiotics and their potential as antimicrobials. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019,17(8),635-645","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"ref=37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351205276","author":"Bouras-Vallianatos P.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bouras-Vallianatos P.; Reading Galen in Byzantium: The fate of Therapeutics to GlauconGreek Medical Literature and its Readers: From Hippocrates to Islam and Byzantium; Bouras-Vallianatos, P Chapter 9. Available at: 2018","journal-title":"Reading Galen in Byzantium: The fate of Therapeutics to GlauconGreek Medical Literature and its Readers: From Hippocrates to Islam and Byzantium; Bouras-Vallianatos, P"},{"key":"ref=38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12020264","volume":"12","author":"Topi S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Topi S.; Santacroce L.; Bottalico L.; Ballini A.; Inchingolo A.D.; Dipalma G.; Charitos I.A.; Inchingolo F.; Gastric cancer in history: a perspective interdisciplinary study. Cancers (Basel) 2020,12(2)","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"ref=39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1590\/s1516-44462006000200015]","volume":"28","author":"Zuardi A.W.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zuardi A.W.; History of cannabis as a medicine: a review. Braz J Psychiatry 2006,28(2),153-157","journal-title":"Braz J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref=40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199277551.001.0001","author":"McCabe A.","year":"2007","unstructured":"McCabe A.; A Byzantine Encyclopedia of Horse Medicine: The Sources, Compilation, and Transmission of the Hippiatrica 2007","journal-title":"A Byzantine Encyclopedia of Horse Medicine: The Sources, Compilation, and Transmission of the Hippiatrica"},{"key":"ref=41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/363215a0","volume":"363","author":"Zias J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Zias J.; Stark H.; Sellgman J.; Levy R.; Werker E.; Breuer A.; Mechoulam R.; Early medical use of cannabis. Nature 1993,363(6426),215","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref=42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1300\/J175v01n01_05","volume":"1","author":"Lozano I.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lozano I.; The therapeutic use of Cannabis sativa (L.) in Arabic medicine. J Cannabis Ther 2001,1(1),63-70","journal-title":"J Cannabis Ther"},{"key":"ref=43","author":"C\u00e1mara L.","unstructured":"C\u00e1mara L.; (Indalecio), Acerca de una noticia sobre el qinnab en el mi\u2019 de Ibnal-Baytar.Ciencias de la Naturaleza en al-Andalus (Textos y estudios I); Garc\u00eda S\u00e1nchez, E., Ed.; C.S.I.C.: Granada, 1990, pp. 151-162."},{"key":"ref=44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.5698\/1535-7597-14.5.250","volume":"14","author":"Welty T.E.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Welty T.E.; Luebke A.; Gidal B.E.; Cannabidiol: promise and pitfalls. Epilepsy Curr 2014,14(5),250-252","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr"},{"key":"ref=45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473710666170712113042","volume":"10","author":"Ford T.C.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ford T.C.; Hayley A.C.; Downey L.A.; Parrott A.; C Cannabis: an overview of its adverse acute and chronic effects and its implications. Current Drug Abuse Reviews 2017,10,6","journal-title":"Current Drug Abuse Reviews"},{"key":"ref=46","author":"Subani H.","year":"2013 . Version 1.1.","unstructured":"Subani H.; The Secret History of Iran 2013 . Version 1.1.","journal-title":"The Secret History of Iran"},{"key":"ref=47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1968.tb05272.x","volume":"63","author":"Lewis A.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Lewis A.; Historical perspective. Br J Addict Alcohol Other Drugs 1968,63(3),241-245","journal-title":"Br J Addict Alcohol Other Drugs"},{"key":"ref=48","first-page":"8","author":"Brown D.T.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brown D.T.; Cannabis: the genus cannabis 1998,8","journal-title":"Cannabis: the genus cannabis"},{"key":"ref=49","first-page":"37","author":"Fankhauser M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fankhauser M.; History of cannabis in Western Medicine Cannabis and Cannabinoids; Grotenhermen, F 2002,37-51","journal-title":"History of cannabis in Western Medicine Cannabis and Cannabinoids; Grotenhermen, F"},{"key":"ref=50","first-page":"35","author":"Aldrich M.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Aldrich M.; History of therapeutic cannabis Cannabis in Medical Practice 1997,35-55","journal-title":"History of therapeutic cannabis Cannabis in Medical Practice"},{"key":"ref=51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110812060.293","author":"Pinho A.R.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Pinho A.R.; Social and medical aspects of the use of cannabis in Brazil Cannabis and Culture 1975,293-302","journal-title":"Social and medical aspects of the use of cannabis in Brazil Cannabis and Culture"},{"key":"ref=52","author":"Earleywine M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Earleywine M.; Understanding M.A.R.I.J.U.A.N.A.; a new look at the scientific evidence. Oxford University Press, 2002"},{"key":"ref=53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530319666191009144217","volume":"20","author":"Santacroce L.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Santacroce L.; Bottalico L.; Topi S.; Castellaneta F.; Charitos I.A.; The \u201cScourge of the Renaissance\u201d. A short review about Treponema pallidum infection. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019,20(3),335-343","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref=54","author":"Da Orta G.","unstructured":"Da Orta G.; Colloquies on the simples & drugs of India (Goa). (Sir Clements Markham, Trans.); Henru Sotheran: London, 1913. (Original work published 1563)"},{"key":"ref=55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2016.0027","volume":"1","author":"Pollio A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pollio A.; The name of Cannabis: a short guide for nonbotanists. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2016,1(1),234-238","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"key":"ref=56","first-page":"1838","volume":"8","author":"O\u2019Shaughnessy W.B.","year":"1839","unstructured":"O\u2019Shaughnessy W.B.; A Case of Tetanus, Cured by a Preparation of Hemp (the Cannabis indica.). Transac Med Phys Society Bengal 1839,8,1838-1840","journal-title":"Transac Med Phys Society Bengal"},{"key":"ref=57","first-page":"363","volume":"5","author":"O\u2019Shaughnessy W.B.","year":"1843","unstructured":"O\u2019Shaughnessy W.B.; On the preparations of the Indian Hemp, or Gunjah: Cannabis indica their effects on the animal system in health, and their utility in the treatment of tetanus and other convulsive diseases. Prov Med J Retrosp Med Sci 1843,5(123),363-369","journal-title":"Prov Med J Retrosp Med Sci"},{"key":"ref=58","author":"Moreau J.J.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Moreau J.J.; Du Hachisch et de l\u2019Alienation Mentale: Etudes Psychologiques Paris: Librarie de Fortin Mason; 1845, English edition 1972","journal-title":"Du Hachisch et de l\u2019Alienation Mentale: Etudes Psychologiques Paris: Librarie de Fortin Mason; 1845, English edition"},{"key":"ref=59","author":"Moreau J.J.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Moreau J.J.; Hashish and mental illness 1973","journal-title":"Hashish and mental illness"},{"key":"ref=60","author":"Bo H.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Bo H.; Introduction to Moreau de Tours Hashish and Mental Illness; Peters, H 1973","journal-title":"Introduction to Moreau de Tours Hashish and Mental Illness; Peters, H"},{"key":"ref=61","author":"Fike R.E.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fike R.E.; The Bottle Book: A Comprehensive Guide to Historic, Embossed Medicine Bottles 2006","journal-title":"The Bottle Book: A Comprehensive Guide to Historic, Embossed Medicine Bottles"},{"key":"ref=62","author":"Sullivan J.","unstructured":"Sullivan J.; P\u00edso\u2019s Trio: One Step Ahead of the Law. Bottles and Extras magazine; September-October, 2007, pp 18-22","journal-title":"Bottles and Extras magazine; September-October, 2007, pp 18-22"},{"key":"ref=63","author":"Roffman R.A.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Roffman R.A.; Marijuana as medicine 1982","journal-title":"Marijuana as medicine"},{"key":"ref=64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Russo E.B.","unstructured":"Russo E.B.; Cannabis treatments in obstetrics and gynecology: a historical review. J. Cannabis Therapeutics, 2002, 2(3-4), 5-35.","DOI":"10.1300\/J175v02n03_02"},{"key":"ref=65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.5.6.518","volume":"5","author":"Terry C.E.","year":"1915","unstructured":"Terry C.E.; The Harrison anti-narcotic act. Am J Public Health (N Y) 1915,5(6),518","journal-title":"Am J Public Health (N Y)"},{"key":"ref=66","author":"Grinspoon L.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Grinspoon L.; Marihuana reconsidered 1971","journal-title":"Marihuana reconsidered"},{"key":"ref=67","author":"Grinspoon L.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Grinspoon L.; Bakalar J.B.; Marihuana: the forbidden medicine 1993","journal-title":"Marihuana: the forbidden medicine"},{"key":"ref=68","first-page":"263","author":"Brill H.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Brill H.; Nahas G.G.; Cannabis intoxication and mental illness Marihuana in science and medicine 1984,263-306","journal-title":"Cannabis intoxication and mental illness Marihuana in science and medicine"},{"key":"ref=69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1972.01750200005002","volume":"26","author":"Musto D.F.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Musto D.F.; The marihuana tax act of 1937. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972,26(2),101-108","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref=70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01062a046","volume":"86","author":"Gaoni Y.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Gaoni Y.; Mechoulam R.J.; Isolation structure and partial synthesis of an active constituent of hashish. J Am Chem Soc 1964,86(8),1646-1647","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"ref=71","first-page":"2","author":"Mechoulam R.J.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Mechoulam R.J.; Marijuana: chemistry, pharmacology and clinical effects 1973,2-99","journal-title":"Marijuana: chemistry, pharmacology and clinical effects"},{"key":"ref=72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11S","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.2002.tb05998.x","volume":"42","author":"Mechoulam R.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mechoulam R.; Parker L.A.; Gallily R.; Cannabidiol: an overview of some pharmacological aspects. J Clin Pharmacol 2002,42(S1)(Suppl.),11S-19S","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref=73","first-page":"63","author":"Hepler R.S.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Hepler R.S.; Petrus R.; Experiences with administrations of marijuana to glaucoma patients The therapeutic potential of marijuana; Cohen, S 1971,63-76","journal-title":"Experiences with administrations of marijuana to glaucoma patients The therapeutic potential of marijuana; Cohen, S"},{"key":"ref=74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.23750\/abm.v88i1.5794","volume":"88","author":"Inchingolo F.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Inchingolo F.; Vermesan D.; Inchingolo A.D.; Malcangi G.; Santacroce L.; Scacco S.; Benagiano V.; Girolamo F.; Cagiano R.; Caprio M.; Longo L.; Abbinante A.; Inchingolo A.M.; Dipalma G.; Tarullo A.; Tattoli M.; Bedsores successfully treated with topical phenytoin. Acta Biomed 2017,88(1),45-48","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"ref=75","author":"Randall R.C.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Randall R.C.; (Robert C) 1998","journal-title":"(Robert C)"},{"key":"ref=76","first-page":"285","volume":"12","author":"Cagiano R.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cagiano R.; Bera I.; Sabatini R.; Flace P.; Vermesan D.; Vermesan H.; Dragulescu S.I.; Bottalico L.; Santacroce L.; Effects on rat sexual behaviour of acute MDMA (ecstasy) alone or in combination with loud music. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2008,12(5),285-292","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"ref=77","author":"Zimmer L.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zimmer L.; Morgan J.P.; Marijuana myths marijuana facts 1997","journal-title":"Marijuana myths marijuana facts"},{"key":"ref=78","author":"Rosenthal E.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rosenthal E.; Kubby S.; Why marijuana should be legal 1996","journal-title":"Why marijuana should be legal"},{"key":"ref=79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030833","volume":"19","author":"Zou S.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zou S.; Kumar U.; Cannabinoid receptors and the endocannabinoid system: signaling and function in the central nervous system. Int J Mol Sci 2018,19(3),833","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref=80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines6010031","volume":"6","author":"Gon\u00e7alves J.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves J.; Rosado T.; Soares S.; Sim\u00e3o A.Y.; Caramelo D.; Lu\u00eds \u00c2.; Fern\u00e1ndez N.; Barroso M.; Gallardo E.; Duarte A.P.; Cannabis and its secondary metabolites: their use as therapeutic drugs, toxicological aspects, and analytical determination. Medicines (Basel) 2019,6(1),31","journal-title":"Medicines (Basel)"},{"key":"ref=81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz234","author":"Penner I.K.","unstructured":"Penner I.K.; Hartung H.P.; The dark side of the moon: looking beyond beneficial effects of cannabis use in multiple sclerosis. Brain, 2019, 142(9), 2552-2555","journal-title":"Brain, 2019, 142(9), 2552-2555"},{"key":"ref=82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2800","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz213","volume":"142","author":"Feinstein A.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feinstein A.; Meza C.; Stefan C.; Staines R.W.; Coming off cannabis: a cognitive and magnetic resonance imaging study in patients with multiple sclerosis. Brain 2019,142(9),2800-2812","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref=83","author":"Wills S.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wills S.; Cannabis use and abuse by man: an historical perspective., Cannabis, taylorfrancis.com 1998"},{"key":"ref=84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790130096013","volume":"41","author":"Kandel D.B.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kandel D.B.; Marijuana users in young adulthood. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984,41(2),200-209","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref=85","unstructured":"Know the Risks of Marijuana U.S. Department of Health","journal-title":"Know the Risks of Marijuana"},{"key":"ref=86","unstructured":"European Drug Report. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drugs Addiction (EMCDDA) Annual Report 2019: \"The state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway\". 1-98. http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/system\/files\/publications\/11364\/20191724_TDAT19001ENN_PDF.pdf"}],"container-title":["Endocrine, Metabolic &amp; Immune Disorders - Drug Targets"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/eurekaselect.com\/article\/download\/182145","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/182145\/article","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/eurekaselect.com\/article\/download\/182145","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T02:51:14Z","timestamp":1722912674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/182145\/article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["LiveAll1"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1871530320666200520095900","relation":{},"ISSN":["1871-5303"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1871-5303","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Peer Reviewed","order":0,"name":"review_status","label":"Review Status","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review Process","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Checked with iThenticate","order":0,"name":"screening_status","label":"Screening Status","group":{"name":"plagiarism_screening","label":"Plagiarism Screening"}},{"value":"2020-02-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-03-30","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}