{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T21:23:04Z","timestamp":1773696184351,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,5]],"date-time":"2010-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262649600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opencardiovascularmedicinejournal.com","benthamopen.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["TOCMJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Some Asian people believe that opium can protect the cardiovascular system. To assess this belief, we investigated the effect of passive opium smoking (POS) on cardiovascular indices in rabbits with ischemic and non-ischemic hearts.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>Rabbits (n = 43) were divided into control (CTL), short term opium (SO) and long term opium (LO) groups. SO and LO groups were exposed to opium smoking for 3 days and 4 weeks, respectively. ECG, blood pressure (BP), left ventricular pressure and cardiac troponin I levels were recorded. Isoproterenol (ISO) was injected to induce cardiac ischemia and after 4 h the above variables were measured along with cardiac histopathology assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>All groups showed significant increments in troponin I level (P &lt; 0.05) except the CTL group. This trend was more obvious in ISO-treated groups. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) significantly decreased in all groups (p&lt; 0.05) except the LO group. Opium exposure attenuated ISO-induced myodegeneration but augmented tissue congestion and hemorrhage.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>In conclusion, higher troponin I serum level and ECG changes were found in passive opium smoking groups. This evidence is against the belief that opium can protect the cardiovascular system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2174\/1874192401004010001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,13]],"date-time":"2010-01-13T17:53:53Z","timestamp":1263405233000},"page":"1-6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Effect of Passive Opium Smoking on Cardiovascular Indices of Rabbits with Normal and Ischemic Hearts"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Siyavash","family":"Joukar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Najafipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Malekpour-Afshar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Mirzaeipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamid Reza","family":"Nasri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"refR1","unstructured":"Nissaramanesh B, Trace M, Roberts M. \n                The rise of harm reduction in the islamic republic of Iran \n                The Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme \n                2005 July;"},{"key":"refR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-7-42","volume":"7","author":"Asgary S","year":"2008","unstructured":"Asgary S, Sarrafzadegan N, Naderi GA, Rozbehani R. \n                Effect of opium addiction on new and traditional cardiovascular risk factors: do duration of addiction and route of administration matter? \n                Lipids Health Dis  \n                2008; \n                7\n                : 42.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"refR3","first-page":"218","volume":"43","author":"Sadr BSM","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sadr BSM, Rafiei M, Bahadorzadeh L, et al. \n                Is opium addiction a risk factor for acute myocardial infarction? \n                Acta Med Iran  \n                2005; \n                43\n                : 218-2.","journal-title":"Acta Med Iran"},{"key":"refR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1097\/HJR.0b013e328045c4e9","volume":"14","author":"Sadeghian S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sadeghian S, Darvish S, Davoodi G, Salarifar M, Mahmoodian M, Fallah N. \n                The association of opium with coronary artery disease \n                Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil  \n                2007; \n                14\n                : 715-.","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil"},{"key":"refR5","first-page":"43","volume":"1","author":"Davoodi G","year":"2006","unstructured":"Davoodi G, Sadeghian S, Akhondzadeh S, Darvish S, Alidoosti M, Amirzadegan A. \n                Comparison of specifications, short term outcome and prognosis of acute myocardial infarction in opium dependent patients and nondependents \n                J Tehran Heart Center  \n                2006; \n                1\n                : 43-7.","journal-title":"J Tehran Heart Center"},{"key":"refR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.3844\/ajassp.2005.1134.1135","volume":"2","author":"Azimzade-Sarwar B","year":"2005","unstructured":"Azimzade-Sarwar B, Gholamreza YG, Narooey S. \n                A case-control study of effect of opium addiction on myocardial infarction \n                Am J Appl Sci  \n                2005; \n                2\n                : 1134-5.","journal-title":"Am J Appl Sci"},{"key":"refR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2005.02.003","volume":"42","author":"Peart JN","year":"2005","unstructured":"Peart JN, Gross ER, Gross GJ. \n                Opioid-induced preconditioning: Recent advances and future perspectives (Review) \n                Vasc Pharmacol  \n                2005; \n                42\n                : 211-8.","journal-title":"Vasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"refR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.16.225","volume":"2","author":"Yamatsu K","year":"1966","unstructured":"Yamatsu K, Takagi H. \n                Electeroencephalographic studies on morphine dependence in rabbit \n                Jpn J Pharmacol  \n                1966; \n                2\n                : 225-7.","journal-title":"Jpn J Pharmacol"},{"key":"refR9","first-page":"277","volume":"23","author":"Pinelli A","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pinelli A, Trivulzio S, Tomasoni L, Brennab S, Bonacina E, Accinni R. \n                Isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rabbits. 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