{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T18:06:22Z","timestamp":1788545182834,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,12]],"date-time":"2008-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1213228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["openneurologyjournal.com","benthamopen.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["TONEUJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The role played by different humoral factors, including antiphospholipid antibodies, in the pathogenesis of Tourette syndrome (TS) is still presently unclear. We present a patient with chronic and severe TS who, at the age of 16 years, presented an ischemic stroke in the left posterior cerebral artery and\/or postero-inferior temporal branch of the left medial cerebral artery. A complete study was negative with the exception of a positive lupus anticoagulant. The stroke was related with the primary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). The stroke manifested visual abnormalities and thereafter by secondary generalized complex partial seizures. The epileptic syndrome was initially difficult to control but responded dramatically to levetiracetam. With this therapy, the manifestations of TS, especially the tics, improved. We conclude that some TS cases may present APS. In addition, levetiracetam may be useful in the management of TS. Further investigations should pursue both these facts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2174\/1874205x00802010032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,20]],"date-time":"2008-06-20T10:15:27Z","timestamp":1213956927000},"page":"32-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Ischemic Stroke and Epilepsy in a Patient with Tourette\u00b4s Syndrome: Association with the Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Good Response to Levetiracetam"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"02","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Seijo-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.A","family":"Mosquera-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Romero-Yuste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Cruz-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"refR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1993.00540100012008","volume":"50","year":"1993","unstructured":"The Tourette Syndrome Classification Study Group Definitions and classification of tic disorders \n                    Arch Neurol  \n                    1993; \n                    50\n                    : 1013-6.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"refR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.001","volume":"29","author":"Albin RL","year":"2006","unstructured":"Albin RL, Mink JW. \n                    Recent advances in Tourette syndrome research \n                    Trends Neurosci  \n                    2006; \n                    29\n                    : 175-82.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"refR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000131900.71337.C7","volume":"63","author":"Edwards MJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"Edwards MJ, Trikouli E, Martino D, et al. \n                    Anti-basal ganglia antibodies in patients with atypical dystonia and tics \n                    Neurology  \n                    2004; \n                    63\n                    : 156-8.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"refR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.2.227","volume":"59","author":"Church AJ","year":"2002","unstructured":"Church AJ, Cardoso F, Dale RC, Lees AJ, Thompson EJ, Giovannoni G. \n                    Anti-basal ganglia antibodies in acute and persistent Sydenham\u00b4s chorea \n                    Neurology  \n                    2002; \n                    59\n                    : 227-31.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"refR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.6.1618","volume":"50","author":"Singer HS","year":"1998","unstructured":"Singer HS, Giuliano JD, Hansen BH, et al. \n                    Antibodies against human putamen in children with Tourette syndrome \n                    Neurology  \n                    1998; \n                    50\n                    : 1618-24.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"refR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199907)42:7<1309::AID-ANR1>3.0.CO;2-F","volume":"42","author":"Wilson WA","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wilson WA, Gharavi AE, Koike T, et al. \n                    International consensus statement on preliminary classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome report of an international workshop \n                    Arthritis Rheum  \n                    1999; \n                    42\n                    : 1309-1.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"refR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)90051-5","volume":"35","author":"Toren P","year":"1994","unstructured":"Toren P, Toren A, Weizman A, et al. \n                    Tourette\u00b4s Disorder: Is there an association with the antiphospholipid syndrome? 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