{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:19:11Z","timestamp":1780402751293,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,27]],"date-time":"2009-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238112000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opendentistryjournal.com","benthamopen.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["TODENTJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The mucosal membrane of the oral cavity displays at times classical developmental lesions considered to be variations of normal structures rather than having disease characteristics. Of these lesions leukoedema, Fordyce granules, geographic-, fissured- and hairy tongue, median rhomboid glossitis and lingual varices were studied in 598 patients referred to the School of Dentistry, Tehran, Iran. The prevalence was studied in relation to age, gender, occupation, education, smoking habits, general health, addictions and or drug therapies. Oral developmental lesions were seen in 295 patients (49.3%). Only Fordyce granules (27,9%), fissured tongue (12,9%), leukoedema (12,5%) and hairy tongue (8,9%) had enough cases for statistical analysis. Three of these lesions increased with age but not fissured tongue. All were more common in men. After adjusting for age, the parameters education, occupation and complaints upon referral had little influence on the prevalence of the lesions. Fewer Fordyce granules were seen in oral mucosa of smoking men. Leukoedema and hairy tongue were significantly associated with smoking, leukoedema with diabetes mellitus. We conclude that there was a highly significant association between these oral lesions and age, gender and smoking. Few significant associations were found between oral lesions and general diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210600903010042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T17:17:58Z","timestamp":1238692678000},"page":"42-47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Evaluation of Oral Mucosal Lesions in 598 Referred Iranian Patients"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Jahanfar","family":"Jahanbani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leiv","family":"Sandvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torstein","family":"Lyberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Ahlfors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"refR1","unstructured":"Shafer WG, Hine MK, Levy BM. \n                    A textbook of oral pathology In: \n                    First chapter.  4th ed. \n                    Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co 1983."},{"key":"refR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0528.2000.028005390.x","volume":"28","author":"Reichart PA","year":"2000","unstructured":"Reichart PA. \n                    Oral mucosal lesions in a representative cross-sectional study of aging Germans \n                    Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol  \n                    2000; \n                    28\n                    : 390-8.","journal-title":"Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"refR3","first-page":"18","volume":"77","author":"Martin JL","year":"1997","unstructured":"Martin JL. \n                    Leukoedema: an epidemiological study in white and African Americans \n                    J Tenn Dent Assoc  \n                    1997; \n                    77\n                    : 18-21.","journal-title":"J Tenn Dent Assoc"},{"key":"refR4","first-page":"366","volume":"96","author":"Kullaa-Mikkonen A","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kullaa-Mikkonen A. \n                    Familial study of fissured tongue \n                    Scand J Dent Res  \n                    1988; \n                    96\n                    : 366-75.","journal-title":"Scand J Dent Res"},{"key":"refR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1981.tb01045.x","volume":"9","author":"Axell T","year":"1981","unstructured":"Axell T, Henricsson V. \n                    Leukoedema - an epidemiologic study with special reference to the influence of tobacco habits \n                    Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol  \n                    1981; \n                    9\n                    : 142-6.","journal-title":"Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"refR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(02)01379-7","volume":"113","author":"Assimakopoulos D","year":"2002","unstructured":"Assimakopoulos D, Patrikakos G, Fotika C, Elisaf M. \n                    Benign migratory glossitis or geographic tongue: an enigmatic oral lesion \n                    Am J Med  \n                    2002; \n                    113\n                    : 751-5.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"refR7","first-page":"213","volume":"50","author":"Femiano F","year":"2001","unstructured":"Femiano F. \n                    Geographic tongue (migrant glossitis) and psoriasis \n                    Minerva Stomatol  \n                    2001; \n                    50\n                    : 213-7.","journal-title":"Minerva Stomatol"},{"key":"refR8","first-page":"157","volume":"92","author":"Voros-Balog T","year":"1999","unstructured":"Voros-Balog T, Dombi C, Vincze N, Baniczy J. \n                    Epidemiologic survey of tongue lesions and analysis of the etiologic factors involved \n                    Fogorv Sz  \n                    1999; \n                    92\n                    : 157-63.","journal-title":"Fogorv Sz"},{"key":"refR9","first-page":"145","volume":"34","author":"Beveridge BR","year":"1965","unstructured":"Beveridge BR, Bannerman RM, Evanson JM, Witts LJ. \n                    Hypochromic anaemia. 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