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The clinical parameters were assessed with an automated probe. Various samples were collected from the tongue, first molars and pockets &gt;6mm, and analysed by polymerase chain reaction-amplification of the<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>and<jats:italic>nim<\/jats:italic>genes, using primers and conditions previously described in the literature.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a high rate of detection of<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>in plaque and tongue samples alike in all periodontal conditions (37% of plaque and 60% of tongue samples, and 71% of participants). The<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>gene was detected more frequently in the tongue samples of the periodontally healthy (56%) and chronic periodontitis (62%) groups compared to the plaque samples from the same groups (36% and 29%, respectively; z-test with Bonferroni corrections-tests,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05). The<jats:italic>nim<\/jats:italic>gene was not detected in any of the 343 samples analysed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The oral cavity of Greek subjects often harbours<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>but not<jats:italic>nim<\/jats:italic>genes, and therefore the antimicrobial activity of \u03b2-lactams might be compromised.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210601610010089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]],"date-time":"2016-04-01T05:08:48Z","timestamp":1459487328000},"page":"89-98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Prevalence of \u03b2-lactam (blaTEM) and Metronidazole (nim) Resistance Genes in the Oral Cavity of Greek Subjects"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Georgios","family":"Koukos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonios","family":"Konstantinidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lazaros","family":"Tsalikis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minas","family":"Arsenakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodora","family":"Slini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitra","family":"Sakellari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"refR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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