{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T08:39:28Z","timestamp":1769243968703,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]],"date-time":"2018-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522368000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opendentistryjournal.com","benthamopen.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["TODENTJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease, is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults. Evidence for the anti inflammatory activity of<jats:italic>M. alba<\/jats:italic>Stem Extract (MSE) in periodontal disease is limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of MSE on the growth of periodontopathic bacteria and expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in<jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human Periodontal Ligament (hPDL) fibroblasts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The antimicrobial activities of MSE were tested against<jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic>by the disk diffusion, the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimal bactericidal concentration methods. Cytotoxicity of<jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>LPS and MSE on hPDL fibroblasts was determined by MTS assay. The expression of cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) mRNA and proteins in hPDL fibroblasts was measured using the reverse transcription-qPCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>MSE exhibited antibacterial activities against<jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>A. actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic>with the zones of inhibition of 10.00 \u00b1 0.33 mm and 17.33 \u00b1 0.58 mm, respectively. MIC and MBC values for MSE against<jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>were 62.5 \u03bcg\/ml. The MIC and MBC values against<jats:italic>A. actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic>were 250 \u03bcg\/mL and 500 \u03bcg\/ml, respectively.<jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>LPS was shown to mediate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in hPDL fibroblasts. However, treatment with MSE concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0 \u03bcg\/ml significantly suppressed<jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>LPS-induced IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA and protein expression (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study demonstrates that MSE has antibacterial activity against two putative periodontal pathogens. MSE suppressed IL-6 and IL-8 expression in<jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>LPS-stimulated hPDL fibroblasts, indicating a possible anti-inflammatory effect. Thus, it is a potential adjunctive agent for the treatment of periodontitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210601812010265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,11]],"date-time":"2018-04-11T09:19:53Z","timestamp":1523438393000},"page":"265-274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Antibacterial and Anti-inflammatory Potential of Morus alba Stem Extract"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ichaya","family":"Yiemwattana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niratcha","family":"Chaisomboon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kusuma","family":"Jamdee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.1999.4.1.32","volume":"4","author":"Flemmig T.F.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Flemmig TF. 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