{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T01:59:02Z","timestamp":1793066342214,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,30]],"date-time":"2018-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525046400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["openmicrobiologyjournal.com","benthamopen.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["TOMICROJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Acinetobacterb aumannii<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>) is an important pathogen in health care associated infections. Quinolone resistance has emerged in this pathogen.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims &amp; Objectives:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of mutations of<jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>gene and<jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>genes by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Polymerase Chain Reaction (RFLP-PCR) among clinical isolates of<jats:italic>A. baumanii<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was carried out on 140 clinical isolates of<jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>. The isolates were subjected to molecular study of mutations of<jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>gene and<jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>genes by RFLP\u2013PCR beside determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by macro dilution tube method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The isolates of<jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>were resistant to ciprofloxacine and levofloxacin at MIC &gt;4 \u00b5g\/ml. The most isolates had MIC &gt;128 \u00b5g\/ml (42.3%). All resistant strains to ciprofloxacin of<jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>had mutations in<jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>. The most frequent mutations were combined mutations in both genes (85.5%) and 5% had single mutation either in<jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>or<jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>. The most frequently combined mutations were associated with MIC &gt;128 \u00b5g\/ml (42.3%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>From this study we can conclude that resistance to ciprofloxacin was common in clinical isolates of<jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>. The most frequent mutations were present in<jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>. However, mutations in<jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>alone were not uncommon. Further large scale studies are required to elucidate the resistance pattern of<jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>and its molecular mechanisms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285801812010116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,11]],"date-time":"2018-05-11T04:54:22Z","timestamp":1526014462000},"page":"116-122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Molecular Study of Quinolone Resistance Determining Regions of gyrA Gene and parC Genes in Clinical Isolates of Acintobacter baumannii Resistant to Fluoroquinolone"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Maysaa El Sayed","family":"Zaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nermen","family":"Abou ElKheir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Mofreh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/595011","volume":"48","author":"Boucher H.W.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boucher HW, Talbot GH, Bradley JS, et al. Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! An update from the infectious diseases society of america. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48 (1) : 1-12.","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01911.x","volume":"14","author":"Towner K.J.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Towner KJ, Levi K, Vlassiadi M. Genetic diversity of carbapenem-resistant isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14 (2) : 161-7.","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2014.34.6.433","volume":"34","author":"Ardebili A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ardebili A, Lari AR, Talebi M. Correlation of ciprofloxacin resistance with the AdeABC efflux system in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates. Ann Lab Med 2014; 34 (6) : 433-8.","journal-title":"Ann. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00367-08","volume":"46","author":"Valentine S.C.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Valentine SC, Contreras D, Tan S, Real LJ, Chu S, Xu HH. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates from nosocomial outbreaks in Los Angeles County, California. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46 (8) : 2499-507.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.70.1.369","volume":"70","author":"Champoux J.J.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Champoux JJ. DNA topoisomerases: structure, function, and mechanism. Annu Rev Biochem 2001; 70 : 369-413.","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01617-06","volume":"52","author":"Drlica K.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Drlica K, Malik M, Kerns RJ, Zhao X. Quinolone-mediated bacterial death. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52 (2) : 385-92.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.5.1201","volume":"39","author":"Vila J.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Vila J, Ruiz J, Go\u00f1i P, Marcos A, Jimenez de Anta T. Mutation in the gyrA gene of quinolone-resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39 (5) : 1201-3.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/39.6.757","volume":"39","author":"Vila J.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Vila J, Ruiz J, Go\u00f1i P, Jimenez de Anta T. Quinolone-resistance mutations in the topoisomerase IV parC gene of Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 39 (6) : 757-62.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg168","volume":"51","author":"S\u00e1enz Y.","year":"2003","unstructured":"S\u00e1enz Y, Zarazaga M, Bri\u00f1as L, Ruiz-Larrea F, Torres C. Mutations in gyrA and parC genes in nalidixic acid-resistant Escherichia coli strains from food products, humans and animals. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 51 (4) : 1001-5.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne; 2013. CLSI Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: twentieth informational supplement; pp. M100\u2013S20. CLSI document"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1086\/529198","volume":"46","author":"Maragakis L.L.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maragakis LL, Perl TM. Acinetobacter baumannii: epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance, and treatment options. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46 (8) : 1254-63.","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2015.35.1.62","volume":"35","author":"Lee S.Y.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee SY, Shin JH, Kim SH, Shin MG, Suh SP, Ryang DW. Evaluation of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry-based VITEK MS system for the identification of Acinetobacter species from blood cultures: comparison with VITEK 2 and MicroScan systems. Ann Lab Med 2015; 35 (1) : 62-8.","journal-title":"Ann. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0255-0857(21)02888-7","volume":"22","author":"Prashanth K.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Prashanth K, Badrinath S. In vitro susceptibility pattern of Acinetobacter species to commonly used cephalosporins, quinolones, and aminoglycosides. Indian J Med Microbiol 2004; 22 (2) : 97-103.","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.12691\/ajmr-5-2-3","volume":"5","author":"Tawfick M.M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tawfick MM, El-Borhamy MI. PCR-RFLP-Based detection of mutations in the chromosomal fluoroquinolone targets gyrA and parC genes of Acinetobacter baumanii clinical isolates from a tertiary hospital in cairo, egypt. Am J of Microb Res 2017; 5 (2) : 37-43.","journal-title":"Am J of Microb Res."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8976","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.8976","volume":"7","author":"Nowroozi J.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nowroozi J, Akhavan Sepahi A, Tahmasebinejad Kamarposhti L, Razavipour R, Mazhar F. Evaluation of ciprofloxacin (gyrA, parC genes) and tetracycline (tetB gene) Resistance in Nosocomial Acinetobacter baumannii Infections. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7 (2) : e8976.","journal-title":"Jundishapur J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"150","volume":"10","author":"Pach\u00f3n J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pach\u00f3n J, Vila J. Treatment of multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 10 (2) : 150-6.","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.12816\/0025926","volume":"23","author":"Gomaa F.A.Z.M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gomaa FAZM, Tawakol WM, El-Azm FA. Phenotypic and genotypic detection of some antimicrobial resistance mechanisms among multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from immunocompromised patients in Egypt. Egypt J Med Microbiol 2014; 23 (4) : 99-105.","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2723-8","volume":"35","author":"Aly M.M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aly MM, Abu Alsoud NM, Elrobh MS, Al Johani SM, Balkhy HH. High prevalence of the PER-1 gene among carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35 (11) : 1759-66.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-017-0180-5","volume":"6","author":"Joshi P.R.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Joshi PR, Acharya M, Kakshapati T, Leungtongkam U, Thummeepak R, Sitthisak S. Co-existence ofblaOXA-23andblaNDM-1genes of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from Nepal: antimicrobial resistance and clinical significance. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2017; 6 : 21.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01782-06","volume":"45","author":"Stone N.D.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stone ND, O\u2019Hara CM, Williams PP, McGowan JE Jr, Tenover FC. Comparison of disk diffusion, VITEK 2, and broth microdilution antimicrobial susceptibility test results for unusual species of Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45 (2) : 340-6.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg222","volume":"51","author":"Ruiz J.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ruiz J. Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones: target alterations, decreased accumulation and DNA gyrase protection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 51 (5) : 1109-17.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf254","volume":"51","author":"Wisplinghoff H.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wisplinghoff H, Decker M, Haefs C, Krut O, Plum G, Seifert H. Mutations in gyrA and parC associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones in epidemiologically defined clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 51 (1) : 177-80.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.7.1994-2000.2001","volume":"45","author":"Barnard F.M.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Barnard FM, Maxwell A. Interaction between DNA gyrase and quinolones: effects of alanine mutations at GyrA subunit residues Ser(83) and Asp(87). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45 (7) : 1994-2000.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2005.tb03643.x","volume":"49","author":"Lee J.K.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lee JK, Lee YS, Park YK, Kim BS. Mutations in the gyrA and parC genes in ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in Korea. Microbiol Immunol 2005; 49 (7) : 647-53.","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrp.2011.11.040","volume":"2","author":"Park S.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Park S, Lee KM, Yoo YS, et al. Alterations of gyrA, gyrB, and parC and Activity of Efflux Pump in fluoroquinolone-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2011; 2 (3) : 164-70.","journal-title":"Osong Public Health Res. Perspect."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2011.09.001","volume":"45","author":"Liu Y.H.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu YH, Kuo SC, Lee YT, et al. Amino acid substitutions of quinolone resistance determining regions in GyrA and ParC associated with quinolone resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii and Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2012; 45 (2) : 108-12.","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.04.007","volume":"22","author":"Redgrave L.S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Redgrave LS, Sutton SB, Webber MA, Piddock LJ. Fluoroquinolone resistance: mechanisms, impact on bacteria, and role in evolutionary success. Trends Microbiol 2014; 22 (8) : 438-45.","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh368","volume":"54","author":"Hamouda A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hamouda A, Amyes SG. Novel gyrA and parC point mutations in two strains of Acinetobacter baumannii resistant to ciprofloxacin. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004; 54 (3) : 695-6.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"623","volume":"18","author":"Ardebili A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ardebili A, Lari AR, Beheshti M, Lari ER. Association between mutations in gyrA and parC genes of Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates and ciprofloxacin resistance. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2015; 18 (6) : 623-6.","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.8691","volume":"7","author":"Ardebili A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ardebili A, Talebi M, Azimi L, Lari AR. Effect of efflux pump inhibitor CCCP on the MIC of ciprofloxacin in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7 (1)","journal-title":"Jundishapur J. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["The Open Microbiology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openmicrobiologyjournal.com\/contents\/volumes\/V12\/TOMICROJ-12-116\/TOMICROJ-12-116.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/openmicrobiologyjournal.com\/contents\/volumes\/V12\/TOMICROJ-12-116\/TOMICROJ-12-116.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/openmicrobiologyjournal.com\/contents\/volumes\/V12\/TOMICROJ-12-116\/TOMICROJ-12-116.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T10:33:38Z","timestamp":1661250818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openmicrobiologyjournal.com\/VOLUME\/12\/PAGE\/116\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,30]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,30]]}},"alternative-id":["TOMICROJ-12-116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1874285801812010116","relation":{},"ISSN":["1874-2858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1874-2858","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Peer Reviewed","order":0,"name":"review_status","label":"Review Status","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review Process","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Checked with iThenticate","order":0,"name":"screening_status","label":"Screening Status","group":{"name":"plagiarism_screening","label":"Plagiarism Screening"}},{"value":"2018-02-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-04-15","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-04-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-04-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}