{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T19:14:58Z","timestamp":1762542898970},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]],"date-time":"2018-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["openmicrobiologyjournal.com","benthamopen.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["TOMICROJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bacterial resistance to antibiotics limits treatment options, increases morbidity and mortality, and raises the risk of antibiotic-associated adverse events. Antibacterial resistance emerges rapidly following an increase in the consumption of antibiotics against infectious diseases. The spread of ESBL producing strains has a limiting factor based on antibiotic function for the treatment of infections particularly caused by<jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and distribution of<jats:italic>bla<jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>bla<jats:sub>CTX<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>bla<jats:sub>SHV<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>genes among<jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>strains isolated from clinical samples at a major hospital in Teheran, Iran.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>strains were isolated and identified using standard microbiological methods. The disc diffusion and combined discs methods were used for testing antimicrobial susceptibility and to identify the strains producing Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL), respectively. DNA extraction was done by boiling method. Finally, the frequency of resistant genes including<jats:italic>bla<jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>bla<jats:sub>CTX<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>bla<jats:sub>SHV<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>in ESBL producing isolates was studied by PCR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gender distribution in this study was 53 (53%) samples for men and 47 (47%) for women. Totally, one hundred<jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>strains were isolated. More than 93% of the isolates were multi drug resistant. The highest to lowest antibiotic resistance was observed against amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid (98%), ceftriaxone (96%), cefotaxime (94%), and ceftazidime (93%), respectively. The frequency of positive phenotypic test of ESBL was 19% and 16% for CAZ-C and CTX-C, respectively. The frequency of<jats:italic>bla<jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>bla<jats:sub>CTX<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>bla<jats:sub>SHV<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>genes was 52.1, 43.4, and 21.7, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>isolates exhibited an extremely worrying level of antibiotic resistance, and a high percentage of the isolates showed MDR in this study. This is a serious warning because ESBLs are a major threat to the effectiveness of antibiotics that are currently available for medical uses. The frequency of genes encoded ESBL isolates of<jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>may be due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285801812010254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,27]],"date-time":"2018-08-27T00:04:38Z","timestamp":1535328278000},"page":"254-260","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2174\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Frequency of Antibiotic Resistance and ESBLs Among Clinically Acinetobacter baumannii Strains Isolated from Patients in a Major Hospital in Tehran, Iran"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Reza","family":"Ranjbar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sajjad S.","family":"Tolon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahin","family":"Zayeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Sami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.02.013","volume":"407","author":"Zhang Y.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Marrs CF, Simon C, Xi C. 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