{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T06:53:30Z","timestamp":1761548010554,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,8]],"date-time":"2007-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1194480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["openrheumatologyjournal.com","benthamopen.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["TORJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The etiology of scleroderma (SSc) is unknown; immunogenic stimuli such as infections and vaccinations could theoretically be risk factors for scleroderma. Our objective was to assess the relationship between viral and bacterial infec-tions, and vaccinations, prior to diagnosis of SSc compared to non-inflammatory controls. Methods: A questionnaire was sent to individuals with SSc (n =83) and controls (n=351) with non-inflammatory musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders (os-teoarthritis, n = 204; tendonitis, n = 58; fibromyalgia, n= 89) from a rheumatology practice. Questions ascertained past in-fections, exposure to infectious agents and vaccination history. Results: The response rate was 78% (SSc) and 56% (MSK controls). The mean age was 56 \u00b1 1.6 (SSc) and 58 \u00b1 0.9 (MSK); 88% (SSc) and 82% (MSK) were female. No association between prior infections and SSc was observed. In fact, controls were more likely than SSc subjects to report any infec-tion within 1-year prior to disease diagnosis (35% vs. 16%, p&lt;0.006), or to have suffered a trauma to affected joints prior to diagnosis (44% vs. 19%, p&lt;0.0002). Within the 1-year prior to disease diagnosis, controls reported slightly more strep-tococcal infections (p&lt;0.2), infections with diarrhea and vomiting (p&lt;0.3), and antibiotic use (p&lt;0.09), although none of these results were statistically significant. Histories of any hepatitis, rubella, any bacterial infection, and having had a pre-vious positive tuberculosis skin test were not significantly different between groups and were actually more often reported by the control subjects. SSc reported slightly more hepatitis B (p&lt;0.08), more rheumatic fever (p&lt;0.8) in past, and herpes zoster (p&lt;0.4), although no differences reached significance. Conclusion: This study does not support that self-report of symptomatic infections are more likely to occur ever (prior to diagnosis) or within 1-year prior to symptom onset of SSc, or that vaccinations in adulthood trigger SSc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2174\/1874312900701010012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,19]],"date-time":"2007-12-19T07:02:15Z","timestamp":1198047735000},"page":"12-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Infections Are Not Increased in Scleroderma Compared to Non-Inflammatory Musculoskeletal Disorders Prior to Disease Onset"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Janet E","family":"Pope","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jodi L","family":"Goodwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janine M","family":"Ouimet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Krizova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Laskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"refR1","unstructured":"Seibold JR. \n                        \n                    Connective tissue diseases characterized by fibrosis In: Kelley W, Ruddy S, Harris ED, Jr., Sledge C, Eds. \n                    Textbook of Rheumatology  .  5th Edn. \n                    Toronto WB: Saunders Company 1997; 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