{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T02:50:36Z","timestamp":1786589436141,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,31]],"date-time":"2008-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["openrheumatologyjournal.com","benthamopen.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["TORJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For women who suffer from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), pregnancy can be a concern, placing the mother and fetus at risk. Our objectives were to assess the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome, disease flares, fertility rate, and co-morbidities in SLE women compared to healthy controls. We also systematically reviewed the literature available on pregnancy outcome in SLE to compare our results to other published data. Our hypothesis was that pregnancy outcome in SLE is improving over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A case-control study comparing self-report of the above-mentioned parameters in SLE (N=108)\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      healthy controls or patients with non-inflammatory musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders (N=134) was performed. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Proportions, means and odds ratios were calculated. We searched and quantified the literature on pregnancy outcome, lupus reactivation and fertility rate. Data were summarized and presented in mean % \u00b1 SEM and median % with interquartile range (IQR).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gynecological history, fertility rate and age at first pregnancy in SLE patients were comparable to controls. Eighteen percent of SLE patients reported a flare and 18% reported an improvement of symptoms during pregnancy. Twenty-four percent of lupus patients had at least one preterm delivery\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      5% in controls (OR =8.32, p = 0.0008), however other pregnancy outcomes (miscarriage, therapeutic abortion, stillbirth and neonatal death rate) did not differ between the groups. Thyroid problems were reported to be more likely in SLE patients (p = 0.02), but the prevalence of other co-morbidities was similar to controls. A literature review demonstrated that fertility was not affected in SLE patients. Lupus reactivations are common during pregnancy (36.5% \u00b1 SEM 3.3%). Most agreed that SLE pregnancies had more fetal loss (19.5% \u00b1 SEM 1.6%) and preterm births (25.5% \u00b1 SEM 2.2%) when compared to the general population. Over time, the rate of SLE peripartum flares has improved (p = 0.002) and the proportion of pregnancies resulting in live birth has increased (p = 0.024). The frequency of fetal death has not significantly changed. Our findings from the case-control study were, in general, consistent with the literature including the frequency of fetal death, neonatal death, live births and pregnancy rate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prematurity (25.5% \u00b1 SEM 2.2%) and fetal death (19.5% \u00b1 SEM 1.6%) in SLE pregnancy are still a concern. However, new strategies with respect to pregnancy timing and multidisciplinary care have improved maternal and fetal outcome in SLE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1874312900802010089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,5]],"date-time":"2009-01-05T12:41:47Z","timestamp":1231159307000},"page":"89-98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Pregnancy Outcome in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is Improving: Results from a Case Control Study and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Sai","family":"Yan Yuen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Krizova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janine M","family":"Ouimet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet E","family":"Pope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"refR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(16)35991-9","volume":"83","author":"Donaldson LB","year":"1962","unstructured":"Donaldson LB, De Alvarez RR. \n                Further observations on lupus erythematosus associated with pregnancy \n                Am J Obstet Gynecol  \n                1962; \n                83\n                : 1461-73.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"refR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1952.01530210049006","volume":"65","author":"Ellis FA","year":"1952","unstructured":"Ellis FA, Bereston ES. \n                Lupus erythematosus associated with pregnancy and menopause \n                AMA Arch Derm Syphilol  \n                1952; \n                65\n                : 170-6.","journal-title":"AMA Arch Derm Syphilol"},{"key":"refR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-9972(02)00082-4","volume":"1","author":"Cervera R","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cervera R, Font J, Carmona F, Balasch J. \n                Pregnancy outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus: good news for the new millen-nium \n                Autoimmun Rev  \n                2002; \n                1                \n                : 354-9.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"refR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780251101","volume":"25","author":"Tan EM","year":"1982","unstructured":"Tan EM, Cohen AS, Fries JF, et al. \n                The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus \n                Arthritis Rheum  \n                1982; \n                25                \n                : 1271-7.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"refR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1191\/096120301678646146","volume":"10","author":"Bae SC","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bae SC, Koh HK, Chang DK, Kim MH, Park JK, Kim SY. \n                Reliability and validity of systemic lupus activity measure-revised (SLAM-R) for measuring clinical disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus \n                Lupus  \n                2001; \n                10                \n                : 405-9.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"refR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3579(98)80027-7","volume":"12","author":"Urowitz MB","year":"1998","unstructured":"Urowitz MB, Gladman DD. \n                Measures of disease activity and damage in SLE \n                Baillieres Clin Rheumatol  \n                1998; \n                12                \n                : 405-13.","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"refR7","first-page":"1551","volume":"19","author":"Guzman J","year":"1992","unstructured":"Guzman J, Cardiel MH, Arce-Salinas A, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Alarcon-Segovia D. \n                Measurement of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. 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