{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:44:04Z","timestamp":1789379044878,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,23]],"date-time":"2013-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1358899200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["openvirologyjournal.com","benthamopen.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["TOVJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV), nowadays, is one of the major human pathogens worldwide. Approximately, 400 million people worldwide have chronic HBV infection. Only 5% of persons infected during adulthood develop chronic infection. The reverse is true for those infected at birth or in early childhood, i.e. more than 90% of these persons progress to chronic infection. Currently, eight different genotypes o f HBV have been identified, differing in nucleotide sequence by greater than 8%. In addition, numerous subgenotypes have a l s o been recognized based on the nucleotide sequence variability of 4- 8%. It has invariably been found that these genotypes and mutations play a pivotal role in the liver disease aggravation and virus replication. The precore mutations (G1896A) and the double mutation (T1762\/A1764) in the basal core promoter are important mutations that alter expression of the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg). The HBeAg is important for establishing viral persistence. The precore G1896A mutation abrogates the expression of HBeAg. Numerous other mutations alter the disease severity and progression. It is predictive that the infected patient has high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma if the genotype C is incriminated or if HBV possesses basal core promoter double mutation. Association of the remaining genotypes have been noted but with less degree than genotype C. Phenotypic assays of the different HBV protein markers with different molecular techniques illustrate the replication efficiency of the virus in cell lines. This review will discuss various mutations into their association with liver disease severity and progression as well as virus replication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2174\/1874357901307010012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,6]],"date-time":"2013-02-06T05:07:45Z","timestamp":1360127265000},"page":"12-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Effects of Hepatitis B Virus Mutations on its Replication and Liver Disease Severity"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Abdulrahim","family":"Hakami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelwahid","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Hakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"refR1","first-page":"457","volume":"7","author":"Al-Mahtab M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Al-Mahtab M, Rahman S, Khan M, Karim F. Hepatitis B virus genotypes: an overview Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2008; 7 (5) : 457-64.","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int"},{"key":"refR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.404","volume":"106","author":"Huang Y","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huang Y, Lok AS. Viral factors and outcomes of chronic hbv infection Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106 : 93-5.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"refR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2005.244","volume":"58","author":"Nakajima A","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nakajima A, Usui M, Huy TT, et al. Full-Length Sequence of Hepatitis B virus belong to genotype h identified in a japanese patient with chronic hepatitis Jpn J Infect Dis 2005; 58 : 244-6.","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"refR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20015","volume":"72","author":"Devesa M","year":"2004","unstructured":"Devesa M, Rodr\u00edguez C, Le??n G, Liprandi F, Pujol FH. Clade analysis and surface antigen polymorphism of hepatitis b virus american genotypes J Med Virol 2004; 72 : 377-84.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"refR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-011-0926-y","volume":"156","author":"Thedja MD","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thedja MD, Muljono DH, Nurainy N, Sukowati CH, Verhoef J, Marzuki S. Ethnogeographical structure of hepatitis B virus genotype distribution in Indonesia and discovery of a new subgenotype, B9 Arch Virol 2011; 156 (5) : 855-68.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"refR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.09.048","volume":"127","author":"Ni YH","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ni YH, Chang MH, Wang KJ, et al. Clinical relevance of hepatitis b virus genotype in children with chronic infection and hepatocellular carcinoma Gastroenterology 2004; 127 : 1733-8.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"refR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1159\/000080872","volume":"47","author":"Norder H","year":"2004","unstructured":"Norder H, Courouc\u00e9 AM, Coursaget P, et al. Genetic diversity of hepatitis b virus strains derived worldwide: genotypes, subgenotypes, and hbsag subtypes Intervirology 2004; 47 : 289.","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"refR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81714-0","volume":"87","author":"Sakamoto T","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sakamoto T, Tanaka Y, Orito E, et al. Novel subtypes (subgenotypes) of hepatitis B virus genotypes B and C among chronic liver disease patients in the Philippines J Gen Virol 2006; 87 : 1873-82.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"refR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06541.x","volume":"26","author":"Lin CL","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lin CL, Kao JH. The clinical implications of hepatitis B virus genotype: Recent advances J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 26 : 123-30.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"refR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1159\/000084604","volume":"48","author":"Michitaka K","year":"2005","unstructured":"Michitaka K, Horiike N, Chen Y, et al. Co-Infection with Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes D and other Genotypes in Western Japan Intervirology 2005; 48 : 262-7.","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"refR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20365","volume":"40","author":"Tanaka Y","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tanaka Y, Hasegawa I, Kato T, et al. A case-control study for differences among hepatitis b virus infections of genotypes a (subtypes Aa and Ae) and D Hepatology 2004; 40 : 747-55.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"refR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1159\/000237739","volume":"52","author":"Ahn SH","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ahn SH, Yuen L, Revill P. Clarification required for the definition of hepatitis b virus subgenotypes C1 and C2 Intervirology 2009; 52 : 321-2.","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"refR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1086\/430324","volume":"191","author":"Chan HL","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chan HL, Tsui SK, Ng EY, et al. Epidemiological and virological characteristics of 2 subgroups of hepatitis B virus genotype C J Infect Dis 2005; 191 : 2022-32.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"refR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1159\/000242353","volume":"52","author":"Schaefer S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schaefer S, Magnius L, Norder H. Under construction: classification of hepatitis B virus genotypes and subgenotypes Intervirology 2009; 52 : 323-5.","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"refR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21049","volume":"80","author":"Kramvis A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kramvis A, Arakawa K, Yu MC, Nogueira R, Stram DO, Kew MC. Relationship of serological subtypes, basic core promoter and precore mutations to genotypes\/subgenotypes of hepatitis B virus J Med Virol 2008; 80 : 27-46.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"refR16","first-page":"31","volume":"6","author":"Jalali MV","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jalali MV, Alavian SM. Hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B Hep Mon 2006; 6 : 31-5.","journal-title":"Hep Mon"},{"key":"refR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(95)00069-0","volume":"39","author":"Ohba KI","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ohba KI, Mizokami M, Ohno T, et al. Relationships between serotypes and genotypes of hepatitis B virus: genetic classification of HBV by use of surface genes Virus Res 1995; 39 : 25-34.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"refR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.10.045","volume":"23","author":"Kramvis A","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kramvis A, Kew M, Fran\u00e7ois G. Hepatitis B virus genotypes Vaccine 2005; 23 : 2409-3.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"refR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5598","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.12.5598-5603.2003","volume":"41","author":"Hwang GY","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hwang GY, Lin CY, Huang LM, et al. Detection of the hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) antigen and anti-hbx antibodies in cases of human hepatocellular carcinoma J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41 (12) : 5598-603.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"refR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djn243","volume":"100","author":"Yang HI","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yang HI, Yeh SH, Chen PJ, et al. Associations between hepatitis B virus genotype and mutants and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100 : 1134-43.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"refR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2007.04.057","volume":"370","author":"Haines KM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Haines KM, Loeb DD. The sequence of the RNA primer and the DNA template influence the initiation of plus-strand DNA synthesis in hepatitis B virus J Mol Biol 2007; 370 : 471-80.","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"refR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.05.019","volume":"45","author":"Sun D","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sun D, Nassal M. Stable HepG2- and HuH7-basd human hepatoma cell lines for efficient regulated expression of infectious hepatitis B virus J Hepatol 2006; 45 : 636-45.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"refR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2010.06.015","volume":"169","author":"Lentz T","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lentz T, Leob DD. Development of cell cultures that express hepatitis B virus to high levels and accumulate cccDNA J Virol Methods 2010; 169 : 52-60.","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"refR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.64.1.51-68.2000","volume":"64","author":"Seeger C","year":"2000","unstructured":"Seeger C, Mason W. Hepatitis B Virus Biology Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2000; 64 : 51-68.","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"refR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i1.48","volume":"13","author":"Beck J","year":"2007","unstructured":"Beck J, Nassal M. Hepatitis B virus replication World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13 (1) : 48-64.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"refR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2010.07.031","volume":"169","author":"Gao YT","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gao YT, Han T, Li Y, et al. Enhanced specificity of real-time PCR for measurement of hepatitis B virus cccDNA using restriction endonuclease and plasmid-safe ATP-dependent DNase and selective primers J Virol Methods 2010; 169 : 181-7.","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"refR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.09.028","volume":"395","author":"Inoue J","year":"2009","unstructured":"Inoue J, Ueno Y, Nagasaki F, et al. Enhanced intracellular retention of a hepatitis B virus strain associated with fulminant hepatitis Virology 2009; 395 : 202-9.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"refR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2009.05.017","volume":"161","author":"Hu JL","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hu JL, Cui J, Deng XY, et al. A new strategy for constructing in vitro replication-competent 1.3 copies of hepatitis B virus genome J Virol Methods 2009; 161 : 63-9.","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"refR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(05)80023-X","volume":"S","author":"Tong S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tong S. Mechanism of HBV genome variability and replication of HBV mutants J Clin Virol 2005; S : 134-8.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"refR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6207","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00210-07","volume":"81","author":"Lewellyn EB","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lewellyn EB, Loeb DD. Base pairing between cis-acting sequences contributes to template switching during plus-strand DNA synthesis in human hepatitis B virus J Virol 2007; 81 : 6207-15.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"refR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11577","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01414-07","volume":"81","author":"Abraham TM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Abraham TM, Loeb DD. The Topology of Hepatitis B virus pregenomic RNA promotes its replication J Virol 2007; 81 : 11577-84.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"refR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13122","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.23.13122-13131.2004","volume":"78","author":"Hu J","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hu J, Flores D, Toft D, Wang X, Nguyen D. Requirement of heat shock protein 90 for human hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase function J Virol 2004; 78 : 13122-31.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"refR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.5.2141-2150.2006","volume":"80","author":"Hu J","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hu J, Boyer M. Hepatitis B Virus Reverse Transcriptase and ?? RNA Sequences Required for Specific Interaction In Vitro J Virol 2006; 80 : 2141-50.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"refR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.11.005","volume":"410","author":"Shim HY","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shim HY, Quan X, Yi YS, Jung G. Heat shock protein 90 facilitates formation of the HBV capsid via interacting with the HBV core protein dimmers Virology 2011; 410 : 161-9.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"refR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.05.012","volume":"45","author":"Lupberger J","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lupberger J, Mund A, Kock J, Hildt E. Cultivation of HepG2.15 on Cytodex-3: higher yield of hepatitis B virus and less subviral particles compared to conventional culture methods. J Hepatol 2006; 45 (4) : 547-2.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"refR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.10.002","volume":"351","author":"Lu YW","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lu YW, Tan TL, Chan V, Chen WN. The HBSP gene is expressed during HBV replication, and its coded BH3-containing spliced viral protein induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 351 : 64-70.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"refR37","first-page":"1159","volume":"152","author":"Dandri M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dandri M, Voltz TK, L\u00fctgehetmann M, Peterson J. Animal models for the study of HBV replication and its variants J Clin Virol 2007; 152 : 1159-73.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"refR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-006-0927-4","volume":"152","author":"Pan XB","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pan XB, Wei L, Chen HS, Liu F, Gao Y. Liver-derived cell lines QSG7701 and HepG2 support different HBV replication patterns Arch Virol 2007; 152 : 1159-73.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"refR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21345","volume":"44","author":"Sugiyama M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sugiyama M, Tanaka Y, Kato T, et al. Influence of hepatitis b virus genotypes on the intra and extracellular expression of viral DNA and antigens Hepatology 2006; 44 : 915-24.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"refR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(00)00072-5","volume":"452","author":"Livezey KW","year":"2000","unstructured":"Livezey KW, Negorev D, Simon D. Hepatitis B virus-transfected Hep G2 cells demonstrate genetic alterations and de novo viral integration in cells replication HBV Mutat Res 2000; 452 : 163-78.","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"refR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21188","volume":"43","author":"Toan NL","year":"2006","unstructured":"Toan NL, Song LH, Kremsner PG, et al. Impact of the hepatitis b virus genotype and genotype mixtures on the course of liver disease in Vietnam Hepatology 2006; 43 : 1375-84.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"refR42","first-page":"216","volume":"33","author":"Tanaka Y","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tanaka Y, Orito E, Yuen MF, et al. Two subtypes (subgenotypes) of hepatitis B virus genotype C: a novel subtyping assay based on restriction fragment length polymorphism Hepatol Res 2005; 33 : 216-4.","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"refR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2005.00713.x","volume":"13","author":"Sheldon J","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sheldon J, Rod\u00e8s B, Zoulim F, Bartholomeusz A, Soriano V. Mutations affecting the replication capacity of the hepatitis B virus J Viral Hepatitis 2006; 13 : 427-34.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepatitis"},{"key":"refR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6620","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i41.6620","volume":"12","author":"Tong MJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tong MJ, Blatt LM, Kao JH, Cheng JT, Corey WC. Precore\/basal core promoter mutants and hepatitis B viral DNA as predictors for liver deaths and hepatocellular carcinoma World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12 (41) : 6620-.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"refR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3068","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02341-06","volume":"81","author":"Heipertz RA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Heipertz RA, Miller TG, Kelley CM, Delaney WE, Locarnini SA, Isom HC. In vitro study of the effects of precore and lamivudineresistant mutations on hepatitis B virus replication J Virol 2007; 81 : 3068-76.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"refR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21979","volume":"83","author":"Biswas A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Biswas A, Banerjee A, Chandra PK, et al. Variations in the functional domain of basal core promoter of hepatitis B virus among eastern indian patients with prevalence of genotypes A, C, and D among the same ethnic population J Med Virol 2011; 83 : 253-60.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"refR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0432","volume":"273","author":"G\u00fcnther S","year":"2000","unstructured":"G\u00fcnther S, Piwon N, Jung A, Iwanska A, Schmitz H, Will H. Enhanced replication contributes to enrichment of hepatitis B virus with a deletion in the core gene Virology 2000; 273 : 286-99.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"refR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.03.002","volume":"387","author":"Tsai A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tsai A, Kawai S, Kwei K, et al. Chimeric constructs between two hepatitis B virus genomes confirm transcriptional impact of core promoter mutations and reveal multiple effects of core gene mutations Virology 2009; 387 : 364-72.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"refR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1159\/000071456","volume":"46","author":"Kobayashi M","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kobayashi M, Arase Y, Ikeda K, et al. Precore wild-type hepatitis B virus with G1896 in the resolution of persistent hepatitis B virus infection Intervirology 2003; 46 : 157-63.","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"refR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8594","volume":"233","author":"Scaglioni PP","year":"1997","unstructured":"Scaglioni PP, Melegari M, Wands JP. Biologic properties of hepatitis B viral genomes with mutations in the precore promoter and precore open reading frame Virology 1997; 233 : 374-81.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"refR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2005.00624.x","volume":"12","author":"Kramvis A","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kramvis A, Kew MC. Relationship of genotypes of hepatitis B virus to mutations, disease progression and response to antiviral therapy J Viral Hepatitis 2005; 12 : 456-64.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepatitis"},{"key":"refR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-9-2291","volume":"83","author":"Hou J","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hou J, Lin Y, Waters J, et al. Detection and significance of a G1862T variant of hepatitis B virus Chinese patients with fulminant hepatitis J Gen Virol 2002; 83 : 2291-8.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"refR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.2.587-595.2006","volume":"80","author":"Guarnieri M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Guarnieri M, Kim KH, Bang G, et al. Point mutations upstream of hepatitis B virus core gene affect DNA replication at the step of core protein expression J Virol 2006; 80 (2) : 587-95.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"refR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5437","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.69.9.5437-5444.1995","volume":"69","author":"G\u00fcnther S","year":"1995","unstructured":"G\u00fcnther S, Li BC, Miska S, Kr\u00fcger DH, Meisel H, Will H. A novel method for amplification of whole hepatitis B virus genomes permits rapid functional analysis and reveals deletion mutants in immunosuppressed patients J Virol 1995; 69 : 5437-44.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"refR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21645","volume":"82","author":"Revill P","year":"2010","unstructured":"Revill P, Yuen L, Walsh R, Perrault M, Locarnini S, Kramvis A. Bioinformatic analysis of the hepadnavirus e-antigen and its precursor identifies remarkable sequence conservation in all orthohepadnaviruses J Med Virol 2010; 82 (1) : 104-5.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"refR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.09.014","volume":"50","author":"Fang ZL","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fang ZL, Sabin CA, Dong BQ, et al. The association of HBV core promoter double mutations (A1762T and G1764A) with viral load differs between HBeAg positive and anti-HBe positive individuals: A longitudinal analysis J Hepatol 2009; 50 : 273-80.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"refR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-010-0315-4","volume":"46","author":"Xu Z","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xu Z, Ren X, Liu Y, et al. Association of hepatitis B virus mutations in basal core promoter and precore regions with severity of liver disease: an investigation of 793 Chinese patients with mild and severe chronic hepatitis B and acute-on-chronic liver failure J Gastroenterol 2011; 46 : 391-400.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"refR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3200","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.9.3200-3203.2001","volume":"39","author":"Alestig E","year":"2001","unstructured":"Alestig E, Hannoun C, Horal P, Lindh M. Phylogenetic origin of hepatitis B virus strains with precore C-1858 variants J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39 (9) : 3200-.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"}],"container-title":["The Open Virology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openvirologyjournal.com\/contents\/volumes\/V7\/TOVJ-7-12\/TOVJ-7-12.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/openvirologyjournal.com\/contents\/volumes\/V7\/TOVJ-7-12\/TOVJ-7-12.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/openvirologyjournal.com\/contents\/volumes\/V7\/TOVJ-7-12\/TOVJ-7-12.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,5]],"date-time":"2024-05-05T15:32:42Z","timestamp":1714923162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openvirologyjournal.com\/VOLUME\/7\/PAGE\/12\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,23]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,23]]}},"alternative-id":["TOVJ-7-12"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1874357901307010012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1874-3579"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1874-3579","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Peer Reviewed","order":0,"name":"review_status","label":"Review Status","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review Process","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Checked with iThenticate","order":0,"name":"screening_status","label":"Screening Status","group":{"name":"plagiarism_screening","label":"Plagiarism Screening"}},{"value":"2012-10-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-11-26","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-11-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-1-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}