{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T11:52:28Z","timestamp":1793361148092,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,24]],"date-time":"2012-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["openophthalmologyjournal.com","benthamopen.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["TOOPHTJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The aim of this review is to summarize the latest information about optic neuritis, its differential diagnosis and management. Optic Neuritis (ON) is defined as inflammation of the optic nerve, which is mostly idiopathic. However it can be associated with variable causes (demyelinating lesions, autoimmune disorders, infectious and inflammatory conditions). Out of these, multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common cause of demyelinating ON. ON occurs due to inflammatory processes which lead to activation of T-cells that can cross the blood brain barrier and cause hypersensitivity reaction to neuronal structures. For unknown reasons, ON mostly occurs in adult women and people who live in high latitude. The clinical diagnosis of ON consists of the classic triad of visual loss, periocular pain and dyschromatopsia which requires careful ophthalmic, neurologic and systemic examinations to distinguish between typical and atypical ON. ON in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is initially misdiagnosed as ON in MS or other conditions such as Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION) and Leber\u2019s disease. Therefore, differential diagnosis is necessary to make a proper treatment plan. According to Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial (ONTT) the first line of treatment is intravenous methylprednisolone with faster recovery and less chance of recurrence of ON and conversion to MS. However oral prednisolone alone is contraindicated due to increased risk of a second episode. Controlled High-Risk Subjects Avonex\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    Multiple Sclerosis Prevention Study \u201cCHAMPS\u201d, Betaferon in Newly Emerging Multiple Sclerosis for Initial Treatment \u201cBENEFIT\u201d and Early Treatment of MS study \u201cETOMS\u201d have reported that treatment with interferon \u03b2-1a,b results in reduced risk of MS and MRI characteristics of ON. Contrast sensitivity, color vision and visual field are the parameters which remain impaired mostly even after good recovery of visual acuity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2174\/1874364101206010065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,27]],"date-time":"2012-07-27T16:25:41Z","timestamp":1343406341000},"page":"65-72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Optic Neuritis, its Differential Diagnosis and Management"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Hedieh","family":"Hoorbakht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farid","family":"Bagherkashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"refR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-200212000-00006","volume":"13","author":"Foroozan R","year":"2002","unstructured":"Foroozan R, Buono LM, Savino PJ, Sergott RC. \n                Acute\ndemyelinating optic neuritis \n                Curr Opin Ophthalmol  \n                2002; \n                13\n                (6)\n                : 375-80.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"refR2","first-page":"82","volume":"16","author":"Shams PN","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shams PN, Plant GT. \n                Optic neuritis: a review \n                Int MS J  \n                2009; \n                \n16\n                (3)\n                : 82-9.","journal-title":"Int MS J"},{"key":"refR3","first-page":"CD001430","author":"Vedula SS","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vedula SS, Brodney-Folse S, Gal RL, Beck R. \n                Corticosteroids for\ntreating optic neuritis \n                Cochrane Database Syst Rev  \n                2007; \n                (1): \n                \nCD001430.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"refR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.77020","volume":"59","author":"Menon V","year":"2011","unstructured":"Menon V, Saxena R, Misra R, Phuljhele S. \n                Management of optic\nneuritis \n                Indian J Ophthalmol  \n                2011; \n                59\n                (2)\n                : 117-22.","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"refR5","first-page":"182","volume":"5","author":"Dooley MC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dooley MC, Foroozan R. \n                Optic neuritis \n                J Ophthalmic Vis Res\n  \n                2010; \n                5\n                (3)\n                : 182-7.","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res"},{"key":"refR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1993.01090060061023","volume":"111","author":"Beck RW","year":"1993","unstructured":"Beck RW, Cleary PA. \n                Optic Neuritis Study G. 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