{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:01:20Z","timestamp":1791846080696,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,15]],"date-time":"2015-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1431648000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["openophthalmologyjournal.com","benthamopen.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["TOOPHTJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sight is one of the most important senses that human beings possess. The ocular system is a complex structure equipped with mechanisms that prevent or limit damage caused by physical, chemical, infectious and environmental factors. These mechanisms include a series of anatomical, cellular and humoral factors that have been a matter of study. The cornea is not only the most powerful and important lens of the optical system, but also, it has been involved in many other physiological and pathological processes apart from its refractive nature; the morphological and histological properties of the cornea have been thoroughly studied for the last fifty years; drawing attention in its molecular characteristics of immune response. This paper will review the anatomical and physiological aspects of the cornea, conjunctiva and lacrimal apparatus, as well as the innate immunity at the ocular surface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2174\/1874364101509010049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,28]],"date-time":"2015-05-28T12:38:57Z","timestamp":1432816737000},"page":"49-55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Ocular Surface as Barrier of Innate Immunity"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Bola\u00f1os-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Navas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika Paulina","family":"L\u00f3pez-Liz\u00e1rraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesc March de","family":"Ribot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique O","family":"Graue-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonathan","family":"Garfias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"refR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06246","volume":"449","author":"Medzhitov R","year":"2007","unstructured":"Medzhitov R. \n                Recognition of microorganisms and activation of the immune response \n                Nature  \n                2007; \n                449\n                (7164)\n                : 819-26.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"refR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4254","DOI":"10.2174\/138161211798999348","volume":"17","author":"Arnett E","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arnett E, Seveau S. \n                The multifaceted activities of mammalian defensins \n                Curr Pharm Des  \n                2011; \n                17\n                (38)\n                : 4254-69.","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"refR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.05.036","volume":"116","author":"Tosi MF","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tosi MF. \n                Innate immune responses to infection \n                J Allergy Clin Immunol  \n                2005; \n                116\n                (2)\n                : 241-9; quiz 250.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"refR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2005.23841.x","volume":"125","author":"Esche C","year":"2005","unstructured":"Esche C, Stellato C, Beck LA. \n                Chemokines key players in innate and adaptive immunity \n                J Invest Dermatol  \n                2005; \n                125\n                (4)\n                : 615-28.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"refR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2010.07.003","volume":"216","author":"Steinstraesser L","year":"2011","unstructured":"Steinstraesser L, Kraneburg U, Jacobsen F , et al. \n                Host defense peptides and their antimicrobial-immunomodulatory duality \n                Immunobiology  \n                2011; \n                216\n                (3)\n                : 322-3.","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"refR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(98)00028-7","volume":"18","author":"B\u00f6hnke M","year":"1999","unstructured":"B\u00f6hnke M, Masters BR. \n                Confocal microscopy of the cornea \n                Prog Retin Eye Res  \n                1999; \n                18\n                (5)\n                : 553-628.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"refR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2010.12.037","volume":"37","author":"DelMonte DW","year":"2011","unstructured":"DelMonte DW, Kim T. \n                Anatomy and physiology of the cornea \n                J Cataract Refract Surg  \n                2011; \n                37\n                (3)\n                : 588-98.","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"refR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-20070501-15","volume":"23","author":"Calossi A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Calossi A. \n                Corneal asphericity and spherical aberration \n                J Refract Surg  \n                2007; \n                23\n                (5)\n                : 505-14.","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"refR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.4.437","volume":"85","author":"M\u00fcller LJ","year":"2001","unstructured":"M\u00fcller LJ, Pels E, Vrensen GF. \n                The specific architecture of the anterior stroma accounts for maintenance of corneal curvature \n                Br J Ophthalmol  \n                2001; \n                85\n                (4)\n                : 437-.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"refR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2010.02435.x","volume":"39","author":"Abdelkader H","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abdelkader H, Patel DV, McGhee CNJ , et al. \n                New therapeutic approaches in the treatment of diabetic keratopathy a review \n                Clin Exp Ophthalmol  \n                2011; \n                39\n                (3)\n                : 259-70.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"refR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02169787","volume":"227","author":"G\u00f6bbels M","year":"1989","unstructured":"G\u00f6bbels M, Spitznas M, Oldendoerp J. \n                Impairment of corneal epithelial barrier function in diabetics \n                Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol  \n                1989; \n                227\n                (2)\n                : 142-4.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"refR12","first-page":"203","author":"Yanoff M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yanoff M, Duker JS, Farjo A, McDermott M, Soong HK. \n                Corneal anatomy, physiology, and wound healing Ophthalmology, 3rd ed \n                MO Mosby St Louis  \n                2008; \n                203-8.","journal-title":"MO. Mosby St. Louis"},{"key":"refR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(01)00007-6","volume":"20","author":"Kinoshita S","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kinoshita S, Adachi W, Sotozono C , et al. \n                Characteristics of the human ocular surface epithelium \n                Prog Retin Eye Res  \n                2001; \n                20\n                (5)\n                : 639-73.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"refR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2006.09.001","volume":"25","author":"Ma DH","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ma DH, Chen JK, Zhang F , et al. \n                Regulation of corneal angiogenesis in limbal stem cell deficiency \n                Prog Retin Eye Res  \n                2006; \n                25\n                (6)\n                : 563-90.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"refR15","first-page":"594","volume":"32","author":"Wiley L","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wiley L, SundarRaj N, Sun TT , et al. \n                Regional heterogeneity in human corneal and limbal epithelia an immunohistochemical evaluation \n                Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci  \n                1991; \n                32\n                (3)\n                : 594-602.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"refR16","first-page":"2557","volume":"36","author":"M\u00fcller LJ","year":"1995","unstructured":"M\u00fcller LJ, Pels L, Vrensen GF. \n                Novel aspects of the ultrastructural organization of human corneal keratocytes \n                Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci  \n                1995; \n                36\n                (13)\n                : 2557-67.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"refR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000178743.06340.2c","volume":"24","author":"Fini ME","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fini ME, Stramer BM. \n                How the cornea heals cornea-specific repair mechanisms affecting surgical outcomes \n                Cornea  \n                2005; \n                24\n                (8)\n            (Suppl\n            )\n    : S2-S11.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"refR18","first-page":"476","volume":"37","author":"M\u00fcller LJ","year":"1996","unstructured":"M\u00fcller LJ, Pels L, Vrensen GF. \n        Ultrastructural organization of human corneal nerves \n        Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci  \n        1996; \n        37\n        (4)\n        : 476-88.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"refR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2007.00546.x","volume":"10","author":"Ollivier FJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ollivier FJ, Gilger BC, Barrie KP , et al. \n        Proteinases of the cornea and preocular tear film \n        Vet Ophthalmol  \n        2007; \n        10\n        (4)\n        : 199-206.","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"refR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(98)00017-2","volume":"18","author":"Wilson SE","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wilson SE, Liu JJ, Mohan RR. \n        Stromal-epithelial interactions in the cornea \n        Prog Retin Eye Res  \n        1999; \n        18\n        (3)\n        : 293-309.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"refR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.01.018","volume":"120","author":"Dua HS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dua HS, Faraj LA, Said DG , et al. \n        Human Corneal Anatomy Redefined a novel pre-Descemet's layer (Dua's layer) \n        Ophthalmology  \n        2013; \n        120\n        (9)\n        : 1778-85.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"refR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2011.08.014","volume":"95","author":"Joyce NC","year":"2012","unstructured":"Joyce NC. \n        Proliferative capacity of corneal endothelial cells \n        Exp Eye Res  \n        2012; \n        95\n        (1)\n        : 16-23.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"refR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689109001742","volume":"10","author":"Stiemke MM","year":"1991","unstructured":"Stiemke MM, Edelhauser HF, Geroski DH. \n        The developing corneal endothelium correlation of morphology, hydration and Na\/K ATPase pump site density \n        Curr Eye Res  \n        1991; \n        10\n        (2)\n        : 145-56.","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"refR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2007.02.001","volume":"26","author":"Mergler S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mergler S, Pleyer U. \n        The human corneal endothelium new insights into electrophysiology and ion channels \n        Prog Retin Eye Res  \n        2007; \n        26\n        (4)\n        : 359-78.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"refR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(02)00059-9","volume":"22","author":"Bonanno JA","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bonanno JA. \n        Identity and regulation of ion transport mechanisms in the corneal endothelium \n        Prog Retin Eye Res  \n        2003; \n        22\n        (1)\n        : 69-94.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"refR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2011.08.014","volume":"95","author":"Joyce NC","year":"2012","unstructured":"Joyce NC. \n        Proliferative capacity of corneal endothelial cells \n        Exp Eye Res  \n        2012; \n        95\n        (1)\n        : 16-23.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"refR27","first-page":"286(5447): 2169","volume":"10","author":"Griffith M","year":"1999","unstructured":"Griffith M, Osborne R, Munger R , et al. \n        Functional human corneal equivalents constructed from cell lines \n        Science  \n        1999; \n        10\n        : 286(5447): 2169-.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"refR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(85)33973-8","volume":"92","author":"Geroski DH","year":"1985","unstructured":"Geroski DH, Matsuda M, Yee RW , et al. \n        Pump function of the human corneal endothelium; effects of age and cornea guttata \n        Ophthalmology  \n        1985; \n        92\n        (6)\n        : 759-63.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"refR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2011.09.009","volume":"95","author":"Srinivas SP","year":"2012","unstructured":"Srinivas SP. \n        Cell signaling in regulation of the barrier integrity of the corneal endothelium \n        Exp Eye Res  \n        2012; \n        95\n        (1)\n        : 8-15.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"refR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(89)80036-3","volume":"49","author":"Watsky MA","year":"1989","unstructured":"Watsky MA, McDermott ML, Edelhauser HF. \n        In vitro corneal endothelial permeability in rabbit and human the effects of age, cataract surgery and diabetes \n        Exp Eye Res  \n        1989; \n        49\n        (5)\n        : 751-67.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"refR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2008.04.001","volume":"27","author":"Verkman AS","year":"2008","unstructured":"Verkman AS, Ruiz-Ederra J, Levin MH. \n        Functions of aquaporins in the eye \n        Prog Retin Eye Res  \n        2008; \n        27\n        (4)\n        : 420-33.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"refR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.02.014","volume":"90","author":"Govindarajan B","year":"2010","unstructured":"Govindarajan B, Gipson IK. \n        Membrane-tethered mucins have multiple functions on the ocular surface \n        Exp Eye Res  \n        2010; \n        90\n        (6)\n        : 655-3.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"refR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(77)90087-X","volume":"22","author":"Holly FJ","year":"1977","unstructured":"Holly FJ, Lemp MA. \n        Tear physiology and dry eyes \n        Surv Ophthalmol  \n        1977; \n        22\n        (2)\n        : 69-87.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"refR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e92461","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092461","volume":"9","author":"Wizert A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wizert A, Iskander DR, Cwiklik L. \n        Organization of lipids in the tear film a molecular-level view \n        PLoS One  \n        2014; \n        9\n        (3)\n        : e92461.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"refR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2014.05.011","volume":"1838","author":"Dwivedi M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dwivedi M, Backers H, Harishchandra RK, Galla HJ. \n        Biophysical investigations of the structure and function of the tear fluid lipid layer and the effect of ectoine.Part A Natural meibomian lipid films \n         Biochim Biophys Acta  \n        2014; \n        1838\n        (10)\n        : 2708-15.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"refR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181819f25","volume":"85","author":"Ramamoorthy P","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ramamoorthy P, Nichols JJ. \n        Mucins in contact lens wear and dry eye \n        Optom Vis Sci  \n        2008; \n        85\n        (8)\n        : 631-42.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"refR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00137949","volume":"15","author":"Snyder C","year":"1991","unstructured":"Snyder C, Fullard RJ. \n        Clinical profiles of non dry eye patients and correlations with tear protein levels \n        Int Ophthalmol  \n        1991; \n        15\n        (6)\n        : 383-9.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"refR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3420","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201000271","volume":"31","author":"Saijyothi AV","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saijyothi AV, Angayarkanni N, Syama C , et al. \n        Two dimensional electrophoretic analysis of human tears collection method in dry eye syndrome \n        Electrophoresis  \n        2010; \n        31\n        (20)\n        : 3420-7.","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"refR39","first-page":"381","volume":"73","author":"Sariri R","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sariri R, Ghafoori H. \n        Tear proteins in health, disease, and con tact lens wear \n        Biochemistry  \n        2008; \n        73\n        (4)\n        : 381-92.","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"refR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2003.09.019","volume":"78","author":"Bron AJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bron AJ, Tiffany JM, Gouveia SM, et al. \n        Functional aspects of the tear film lipid layer \n         Exp Eye Res  \n        2004; \n        78\n        (3)\n        : 347-60.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"refR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(03)00203-3","volume":"78","author":"McCulley JP","year":"2004","unstructured":"McCulley JP, Shine WE. \n        The lipid layer of tears dependent on meibomian gland function \n        Exp Eye Res  \n        2004; \n        78\n        (3)\n        : 361-5.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"refR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.11.002","volume":"29","author":"Gaffney EA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gaffney EA, Tiffany JM, Yokoi N , et al. \n        A mass and solute balance model for tear volume and osmolarity in the normal and the dry eye \n        Prog Retin Eye Res  \n        2010; \n        29\n        (1)\n        : 59-78.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"refR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(03)00202-1","volume":"78","author":"Dartt DA","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dartt DA. \n        Interaction of EGF family growth factors and neurotransmitters in regulating lacrimal gland secretion \n        Exp Eye Res  \n        2004; \n        78\n        (3)\n        : 337-45.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"refR44","first-page":"623","volume":"24","author":"Janssen PT","year":"1983","unstructured":"Janssen PT, van Bijsterveld OP. \n        Origin and biosynthesis of human tear proteins \n        Inv Ophthal Vis Sci  \n        1983; \n        24\n        (5)\n        : 623-30.","journal-title":"Inv Ophthal Vis Sci"},{"key":"refR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.04.003","volume":"23","author":"Johnson ME","year":"2004","unstructured":"Johnson ME, Murphy PJ. \n        Changes in the tear film and ocular surface from dry eye syndrome \n        Prog Retin Eye Res  \n        2004; \n        23\n        (4)\n        : 449-74.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"refR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3180001","volume":"15","author":"Flower DR","year":"1996","unstructured":"Flower DR. \n        The lipocalin protein family structure and function \n        Biochem J  \n        1996; \n        15( 318 Pt 1)\n        : 1-14.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"refR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2007.01.018","volume":"84","author":"Spurr-Michaud S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Spurr-Michaud S, Arg\u00fceso P, Gipson I. \n        Assay of mucins in human tear fluid \n        Exp Eye Res  \n        2007; \n        84\n        (5)\n        : 939-50.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"refR48","first-page":"218","volume":"33","author":"Gipson IK","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gipson IK, Yankauckas M, Spurr-Michaud SJ , et al. \n        Characteristics of a glycoprotein in the ocular surface glycocalyx \n        Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci  \n        1992; \n        33\n        (1)\n        : 218-7.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"refR49","first-page":"703","volume":"41","author":"McKenzie RW","year":"2000","unstructured":"McKenzie RW, Jumblatt JE, Jumblatt MM. \n        Quantification of MUC2 and MUC5AC transcripts in human conjunctiva \n        Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci  \n        2000; \n        41\n        (3)\n        : 703-8.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"refR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.2001.1045","volume":"73","author":"Arg\u00fceso P","year":"2001","unstructured":"Arg\u00fceso P, Gipson IK. \n        Epithelial mucins of the ocular surface structure, biosynthesis and function \n        Exp Eye Res  \n        2001; \n        73\n        (3)\n        : 281-9.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"refR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70213-6","volume":"8","author":"Guzman-Aranguez A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guzman-Aranguez A, Arg\u00fceso P. \n        Structure and biological roles of mucin-type O-glycans at the ocular surface \n        Ocul Surf  \n        2010; \n        8\n        (1)\n        : 8-17.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"refR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.02.003","volume":"31","author":"Barabino S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barabino S, Chen Y, Chauhan S , et al. \n        Ocular surface immunity Homeostatic mechanisms and their disruption in dry eye disease \n        Prog Retin Eye Res  \n        2012; \n        31\n        (3)\n        : 271-85.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"refR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700617","volume":"17","author":"Akpek EK","year":"2003","unstructured":"Akpek EK, Gottsch JD. \n        Immune defense at the ocular surface \n        Eye  \n        2003; \n        17\n        (8)\n        : 949-56.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"refR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.2174\/156652406776894572","volume":"6","author":"Kumar A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kumar A, Yu SF. \n        Toll-like receptors and corneal innate immunity \n        Curr Mol Med  \n        2006; \n        6\n        (3)\n        : 327-7.","journal-title":"Curr Mol Med"},{"key":"refR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00001","volume":"1","author":"Mun JJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mun JJ, Tam C, Evans DJ , et al. \n        Modulation of epithelial immunity by mucosal fluid \n        Sci Rep  \n        2011; \n        1\n        (8)\n        : 1-7.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"refR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e32830e6b04","volume":"8","author":"Mantelli F","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mantelli F, Arg\u00fceso P. \n        Functions of ocular surface mucins in health and disease \n        Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol  \n        2008; \n        8\n        (5)\n        : 477-83.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"refR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20100425","volume":"120","author":"Lambiase A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lambiase A, Micera A, Sacchetti M , et al. \n        Toll-like receptors in ocular surface diseases overview and new findings \n        Clin Sci  \n        2011; \n        120\n        (10)\n        : 441-50.","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"refR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094351","volume":"303","author":"Zhang D","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhang D, Zhang G, Hayden MS , et al. \n        A toll-like receptor that prevents infection by uropathogenic bacteria \n        Science  \n        2004; \n        303\n        (5663)\n        : 1522-6.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"refR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141126","volume":"21","author":"Takeda K","year":"2003","unstructured":"Takeda K, Kaisho T, Akira S. \n        Toll-like receptors \n        Annu Rev Immunol  \n        2003; \n        21\n        : 335-76.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"refR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3516","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400525101","volume":"01","author":"Tabeta K","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tabeta K, Georgel P, Janssen E , et al. \n        Toll-like receptors 9 and 3 as essential components of innate immune defense against mouse cytomegalovirus infection \n        Proc Natl Acad Sci USA  \n        2004; \n        01\n        (10)\n        : 3516-21.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"refR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/35100529","volume":"1","author":"Medzhitov R","year":"2001","unstructured":"Medzhitov R. \n        Toll-like receptors and innate immunity \n        Nat Rev Immunol  \n        2001; \n        1\n        (2)\n        : 135-45.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"refR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.03.012","volume":"90","author":"Redfern RL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Redfern RL, McDermott AM. \n        Toll-like receptors in ocular surface disease \n        Exp Eye Res  \n        2010; \n        90\n        (6)\n        : 679-87.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"refR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8924(01)02004-9","volume":"11","author":"Imler JL","year":"2001","unstructured":"Imler JL, Hoffmann JA. \n        Toll receptors in innate immunity \n        Trends Cell Biol  \n        2001; \n        11\n        (7)\n        : 304-11.","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"key":"refR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3513","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0467","volume":"45","author":"Kumar A","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kumar A, Zhang J, Yu FS. \n        Innate immune response of corneal epithelial cells to Staphylococcus aureus infection role of peptidoglycan in stimulating proinflammatory cytokine secretion \n        Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci  \n        2004; \n        45\n        (10)\n        : 3513-22.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"refR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1698311","volume":"249","author":"Wright SD","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wright SD, Ramos RA, Tobias PS , et al. \n        CD14, a receptor for complexes of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS binding protein \n        Science  \n        1990; \n        249\n        (4975)\n        : 1431-3.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"refR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.3.1609","volume":"167","author":"Abreu MT","year":"2001","unstructured":"Abreu MT, Vora P, Faure E , et al. \n        Decreased expression of Toll-like receptor-4 and MD-2 correlates with intestinal epithelial cell protection against dysregulated proinflammatory gene expression in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide \n        J Immunol  \n        2001; \n        167\n        (3)\n        : 1609-.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"refR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2007.11.006","volume":"44","author":"Li Q","year":"2008","unstructured":"Li Q, Kumar A, Gui JF , et al. \n        Staphylococcus aureus lipoproteins trigger human corneal epithelial innate response through toll-like receptor-2 \n        Microb Pathog  \n        2008; \n        44\n        (5)\n        : 426-34.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"refR68","first-page":"813","volume":"13","author":"Li J","year":"2007","unstructured":"Li J, Shen J, Beuerman RW. \n        Expression of toll-like receptors in human limbal and conjunctival epithelial cells \n        Mol Vis  \n        2007; \n        13\n        : 813-22.","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"refR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.4321\/S0365-66912007000200007","volume":"82","author":"Garfias Y","year":"2007","unstructured":"Garfias Y, Linares M, Su\u00e1rez R , et al. \n        Immunological characteristics of limbal epithelial cells in vitro analysis of TLR4 function \n        Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol  \n        2007; \n        82\n        (2)\n        : 95-101.","journal-title":"Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol"},{"key":"refR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680590968150","volume":"30","author":"Zhang J","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhang J, Wu XY, Yu FS. \n        Inflammatory responses of corneal epithelial cells to pseudomonas aeruginosa infection \n        Curr Eye Res  \n        2005; \n        30\n        (7)\n        : 527-34.","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"refR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-4-33","volume":"4","author":"Tallant T","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tallant T, Deb A, Kar N , et al. \n        Flagellin acting via TLR5 is the major activator of key signaling pathways leading to NF-kappa B and proinflammatory gene program activation in intestinal epithelial cells \n        BMC Microbiol  \n        2004; \n        4\n        : 33.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"refR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.4.1882","volume":"167","author":"Gewirtz AT","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gewirtz AT, Navas TA, Lyons S , et al. \n        Cutting edge bacterial flagellin activates basolaterally expressed TLR5 to induce epithelial proinflammatory gene expression \n        J Immunol  \n        2001; \n        167\n        (4)\n        : 1882-5.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"refR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2005.02258.x","volume":"117","author":"Kumar A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kumar A, Zhang J, Yu FS. \n        Toll-like receptor 3 agonist poly(I: C)-induced antiviral response in human corneal epithelial cells \n        Immunology  \n        2006; \n        117\n        (1)\n        : 11-21.","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"refR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.02.196","volume":"331","author":"Ueta M","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ueta M, Hamuro J, Kiyono H , et al. \n        Triggering of TLR3 by polyI: C in human corneal epithelial cells to induce inflammatory cytokines \n        Biochem Biophys Res Commun  \n        2005; \n        331\n        (1)\n        : 285-94.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"refR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5598","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400937101","volume":"101","author":"Lund JM","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lund JM, Alexopoulou L, Sato A , et al. \n        Recognition of single-stranded RNA viruses by Toll-like receptor 7 \n        Proc Natl Acad Sci USA  \n        2004; \n        101\n        (15)\n        : 5598-603.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"refR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1038\/35047123","volume":"408","author":"Hemmi H","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hemmi H, Takeuchi O, Kawai T , et al. \n        A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA \n        Nature  \n        2000; \n        408\n        (6813)\n        : 740-5.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"refR77","first-page":"391","volume":"81","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Mart\u00ednez MC","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Mart\u00ednez MC, Mej\u00eda H, Linares M , et al. \n        Expression of B7 molecules and TLR-9 on corneal epithelial cells infected with adenovirus clinico-pathological implications in viral keratoconj-unctivitis \n        Arch Soc EspOftalmol  \n        2006; \n        81\n        (7)\n        : 391-400.","journal-title":"Arch Soc EspOftalmol"},{"key":"refR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70279-3","volume":"6","author":"Pearlman E","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pearlman E, Johnson A, Adhikary G , et al. \n        Toll-like receptors at the ocular surface \n        Ocul Surf  \n        2008; \n        6\n        (3)\n        : 108-6.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"refR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02761","volume":"430","author":"Beutler B","year":"2004","unstructured":"Beutler B. \n        Inferences, questions and possibilities in toll-like receptor signalling \n        Nature  \n        2004; \n        430\n        (6996)\n        : 257-63.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"refR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01182","volume":"420","author":"Yamamoto M","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yamamoto M, Sato S, Hemmi H , et al. \n        Essential role for TIRAP in activation of the signalling cascade shared by TLR2 and TLR4 \n        Nature  \n        2002; \n        420\n        (6913)\n        : 324-9.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"refR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01180","volume":"420","author":"Horng T","year":"2002","unstructured":"Horng T, Barton GM, Flavell RA , et al. \n        The adaptor molecule TIRAP provides signalling specificity for Toll-like receptors \n        Nature  \n        2002; \n        420\n        (6913)\n        : 329-3.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"refR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1087262","volume":"301","author":"Yamamoto M","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yamamoto M, Sato S, Hemmi H , et al. \n        Role of adaptor TRIF in the MyD88- independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway \n        Science  \n        2003; \n        301\n        (5633)\n        : 640-3.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"refR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1038\/ni986","volume":"4","author":"Yamamoto M","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yamamoto M, Sato S, Hemmi H , et al. \n        TRAM is specifically involved in the Toll-like receptor 4-mediated MyD88-independent signaling pathway \n        Nat Immunol  \n        2003; \n        4\n        (11)\n        : 1144-50.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"refR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12203","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.20.12203","volume":"273","author":"Burns K","year":"1998","unstructured":"Burns K, Martinon F, Esslinger C , et al. \n        MyD88, an adapter protein involved in interleukin-1 signaling \n        J Biol Chem  \n        1998; \n        273\n        (20)\n        : 12203-9.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"refR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/90609","volume":"2","author":"Akira S","year":"2001","unstructured":"Akira S, Takeda K, Kaisho T. \n        Toll-like receptors critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity \n        Nat Immunol  \n        2001; \n        2\n        (8)\n        : 675-80.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"refR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9792","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.18.9792","volume":"94","author":"Song HY","year":"1997","unstructured":"Song HY, R\u00e9gnier CH, Kirschning CJ , et al. \n        Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated kinase cascades bifurcation of nuclear factor-kappaB and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK\/SAPK) pathways at TNF receptor-associated factor 2 \n        Proc Natl Acad Sci USA  \n        1997; \n        94\n        (18)\n        : 9792-6.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"refR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2003.10.005","volume":"40","author":"Beutler B","year":"2004","unstructured":"Beutler B. \n        Innate immunity an overview \n        Mol Immunol  \n        2004; \n        40\n        (12)\n        : 845-59.","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"refR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2009.10.001","volume":"81","author":"Ueta M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ueta M, Kinoshita S. \n        Innate immunity of the ocular surface \n        Brain Res Bull  \n        2010; \n        81\n        (2-3)\n        : 219-8.","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"refR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.2.373","volume":"88","author":"Dieu MC","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dieu MC, Vanbervliet B, Vicari A , et al. \n        Selective recruitment of immature and mature dendritic cells by distinct chemokines expressed in different anatomic sites \n        J Exp Med  \n        1998; \n        88\n        (2)\n        : 373-86.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"refR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1126\/science.294.5543.870","volume":"294","author":"Huang Q","year":"2001","unstructured":"Huang Q, Liu D, Majewski P , et al. \n        The plasticity of dendritic cell responses to pathogens and their components \n        Science  \n        2001; \n        294\n        (5543)\n        : 870-5.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"refR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-002-0496-5","volume":"240","author":"Ku\u03bachle M","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ku\u03bachle M, Cursiefen C, Nguyen NX , et al. \n        Risk factors for corneal allograft rejection intermediate results of a prospective normal-risk keratoplasty study \n        Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol  \n        2002; \n        240\n        (7)\n        : 580-4.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"refR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.5.2264","volume":"68","author":"Masli S","year":"2002","unstructured":"Masli S, Turpie B, Hecker KH , et al. \n        Expression of thrombospondin in TGFbeta-treated APCs and its relevance to their immune deviation-promoting properties \n        J Immunol  \n        2002; \n        68\n        (5)\n        : 2264-73.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"refR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.090264","volume":"175","author":"Vega JL","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vega JL, Keino H, Masli S. \n        Surgical denervation of ocular sympathetic afferents decreases local transforming growth factor-beta and abolishes immune privilege \n        Am J Pathol  \n        2009; \n        175\n        (3)\n        : 1218-25.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"refR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-1216","volume":"44","author":"Taylor AW","year":"2003","unstructured":"Taylor AW, Yee DG. \n        Somatostatin is an immunosuppressive factor in aqueous humor \n        Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci  \n        2003; \n        44\n        (6)\n        : 2644-9.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["The Open Ophthalmology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openophthalmologyjournal.com\/contents\/volumes\/V9\/TOOPHTJ-9-49\/TOOPHTJ-9-49.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/openophthalmologyjournal.com\/contents\/volumes\/V9\/TOOPHTJ-9-49\/TOOPHTJ-9-49.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/openophthalmologyjournal.com\/contents\/volumes\/V9\/TOOPHTJ-9-49\/TOOPHTJ-9-49.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]],"date-time":"2019-06-20T10:34:48Z","timestamp":1561026888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openophthalmologyjournal.com\/VOLUME\/9\/PAGE\/49\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,15]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,15]]}},"alternative-id":["TOOPHTJ-9-49"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1874364101509010049","relation":{},"ISSN":["1874-3641"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1874-3641","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Peer Reviewed","order":0,"name":"review_status","label":"Review Status","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review Process","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Checked with iThenticate","order":0,"name":"screening_status","label":"Screening Status","group":{"name":"plagiarism_screening","label":"Plagiarism Screening"}},{"value":"2014-11-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-4-6","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-4-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-5-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}