{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T08:29:06Z","timestamp":1791016146560,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]],"date-time":"2017-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485820800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["openophthalmologyjournal.com","benthamopen.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["TOOPHTJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]]},"abstract":"\n Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n To determine whether prophylactic antibiotic use in patients with orbital fracture prevent orbital infection.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design:<\/jats:title>\n Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants:<\/jats:title>\n All patients diagnosed with orbital fracture between January 1, 2008 and March 1, 2014 at The George Washington University Hospital and Clinics.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcome Measures:<\/jats:title>\n Development of orbital infection.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n One hundred seventy-two patients with orbital fracture met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. No orbital infections were documented. Twenty subjects (12%) received no prophylactic antibiotic, and two (1%) received only one dose of antibiotics pre-operatively for surgery. For primary antibiotic, 136 subjects (79%) received oral antibiotics, and 14 (8%) received intravenous (IV) antibiotics (excluding cefazolin). Cephalexin and amoxicillin-clavulanate were the most prescribed oral antibiotics that are equally effective. Five-to-seven day courses of antibiotics had no increased infections compared to ten-to-fourteen day courses. Calculated boundaries for effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotics ranged from a Number Needed to Treat (NNT) of 75 to a Number Needed to Harm (NNH) of 198.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Antibiotics for prevention of orbital infection in patients with orbital fractures have become widely used. Coordination between trauma teams and specialists is needed to prevent patient overmedication and antibiotic resistance. Should antibiotics be used, shorter courses and avoidance of broad spectrum agents are recommended. Additional studies are needed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1874364101711010011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]],"date-time":"2017-02-15T01:49:39Z","timestamp":1487123379000},"page":"11-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Orbital Fractures"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Reiss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lamise","family":"Rajjoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamer","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisha","family":"Mumtaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1054\/bjom.2000.0500","volume":"38","author":"Courtney D.J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Courtney DJ, Thomas S, Whitfield PH. \n Isolated orbital blowout fractures: survey and review. \n Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg \n 2000; \n 38\n (5)\n : 496-504.","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.20.1.66-a","volume":"20","author":"Martin B.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Martin B, Ghosh A. \n Antibiotics in orbital floor fractures. \n Emerg Med J \n 2003; \n 20\n (1)\n : 66.","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. J."},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Brink S. \n Fatal Superbugs: Antibiotics Losing Effectiveness, WHO Say. \n National Geographic \n 2014.\n \n Available at: http:\/\/news.nationalgeographic.com\/news\/2014\/05\/140501-superbugs-antibiotics-resistance-disease-medicine\/?sf2792698=1"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"409","volume":"22","author":"Westfall C.T.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Westfall CT, Shore JW. \n Isolated fractures of the orbital floor: risk of infection and the role of antibiotic prophylaxis. \n Ophthalmic Surg \n 1991; \n 22\n (7)\n : 409-11.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg."},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Gerstenblith A, Rabinowitz M. \n The wills eye manual: office and emergency room diagnosis and treatment of eye disease. \n Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2012; p. \n \n \n 34."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1378187","volume":"8","author":"Mundinger G.S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mundinger GS, Borsuk DE, Okhah Z, et al. \n Antibiotics and facial fractures: evidence-based recommendations compared with experience-based practice. \n Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr \n 2015; \n 8\n (1)\n : 64-78.","journal-title":"Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.3109\/01676830.2014.902475","volume":"33","author":"Beigi B.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beigi B, Khandwala M, Gupta D. \n Management of pure orbital floor fractures: a proposed protocol to prevent unnecessary or early surgery. \n Orbit \n 2014; \n 33\n (5)\n : 336-42.","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2011.01017.x","volume":"18","author":"Yadav K.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yadav K, Cowan E, Wall S, Gennis P. \n Orbital fracture clinical decision rule development: burden of disease and use of a mandatory electronic survey instrument. \n Acad Emerg Med \n 2011; \n 18\n (3)\n : 313-6.","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.06.012","volume":"112","author":"Ben Simon G.J.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ben Simon GJ, Bush S, Selva D, McNab AA. \n Orbital cellulitis: a rare complication after orbital blowout fracture. \n Ophthalmology \n 2005; \n 112\n (11)\n : 2030-4.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1992.01880080067015","volume":"118","author":"Silver H.S.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Silver HS, Fucci MJ, Flanagan JC, Lowry LD. \n Severe orbital infection as a complication of orbital fracture. \n Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg \n 1992; \n 118\n (8)\n : 845-8.","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-4356(02)00259-0","volume":"41","author":"Dhariwal D.K.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dhariwal DK, Kittur MA, Farrier JN, Sugar AW, Aird DW, Laws DE. \n Post-traumatic orbital cellulitis. \n Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg \n 2003; \n 41\n (1)\n : 21-8.","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12142","volume":"67","author":"Citrome L.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Citrome L, Ketter TA. \n When does a difference make a difference? Interpretation of number needed to treat, number needed to harm, and likelihood to be helped or harmed. \n Int J Clin Pract \n 2013; \n 67\n (5)\n : 407-11.","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. 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