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Although human-to-human infection is rare, it can spread through the inhalation of airborne\nagents, and if left untreated, it can lead to serious health complications. In this review, we aim to highlight the pathophysiology, prevention,\nepidemiology, mitigation, cure, targets for drug development, and vaccine development against human brucellosis. Human brucellosis is mainly\ncaused by consuming unpasteurized milk or dairy products, uncooked meat, and contact with infected animals. Human brucellosis outbreaks are\nmainly associated with developing and low- to middle-income countries. Brucella is present all over the world, and only some of the regions are at\nhigh risk, including Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, Mexico, South and Central America, the Caribbean, the Mediterranean Basin, and the Middle\nEast. Because of intracellular survival, inhibition of apoptosis, and immune evasion, Brucella can survive and multiply inside the host cell, which\ncan cause chronic disease. By using proteomics approaches, several new drug targets were reported for human brucellosis that can be used for the\ndevelopment of novel drugs. We can also develop an efficient vaccine against human brucellosis by exploring previously reported vaccine\ncandidates against animal brucellosis. The information provided through this review will facilitate research to control and cure human brucellosis\nand its complicated symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1874467217666230713093802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T03:43:15Z","timestamp":1689306195000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Pathophysiology, Current Therapeutic Options, Vaccine Candidates, and Drug\nTargets for Human Brucellosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Manisha","family":"Pritam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Campus, Uttar Pradesh, India | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajnish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Campus, Uttar Pradesh, India | Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"ref=1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2017.1395544","volume":"9","author":"Smith J.A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith J.A.; Brucella Lipopolysaccharide and pathogenicity: The core of the matter. 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