{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T11:14:00Z","timestamp":1790507640724,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,12]],"date-time":"2018-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536710400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["openaidsjournal.com","benthamopen.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["TOAIDJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify the socio-behavioral risk factors associated with cryptosporidiosis among HIV\/AIDS patients with chronic diarrhea symptoms visiting the HIV referral clinic at Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Ghana.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross-sectional study was conducted among 50 HIV\/AIDS patients with recurrent diarrhea. Questionnaires were administered to collect social and behavioral risk factors associated with\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and other opportunistic protozoan parasitic infections in HIV patients. Stool samples were collected for the diagnosis of enteric protozoan pathogens using modified Ziehl-Neelsen and acid-fast staining methods. CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      cells counts of study subjects were obtained from patients clinical records. The data obtained were analyzed using Pearson chi-square and multivariate-adjusted statistics tool on SPSS 16 for Windows.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-seven (54%) of the subjects were infected with enteric protozoan pathogens. The prevalences of\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Cyclospora<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Microsporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections were 46%, 32% and 16%, respectively.\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection was significantly associated with drinking water (\u00d7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =13.528, p&lt;0.001),\n                      <jats:italic>Cyclospora<\/jats:italic>\n                      was associated with the type of drinking water (\u00d7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =14.931, p&lt;0.001) and toilet facilities used by the study subjects (\u00d7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =12.463, p&lt;0.01), whiles\n                      <jats:italic>Microsporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection was associated with hand washing behavior (\u00d7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =12.463, p&lt;0.01). Enteric protozoans were frequently encountered among subjects with CD4+ T-cell count &lt;200 cells\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      . However, coinfection of\n                      <jats:italic>Cyclospora spp<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp was not observed in CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      cell count &lt;200 and &gt;500 cells\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>3.<\/jats:sup>\n                      Multivariate analysis showed that the risk factor for\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection among HIV\/AIDS patients was the source of drinking water (pipe borne water 76.2% prevalence: sachet water 25%; OR=0.10, 95%CI: 0.03-0.39, p&lt;0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We report the risk factor for exposure of\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection among HIV\/AIDS patients for the first time in Ghana. The contamination of drinking water by protozoan parasites should be a public health concern. These results provide the stepping block to understand the transmission dynamics of\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and other opportunistic pathogens in HIV\/AIDS infected patients in Ghana.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1874613601812010106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,8]],"date-time":"2018-10-08T02:20:46Z","timestamp":1538965246000},"page":"106-116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Socio-Behavioral Risk Factors Associated with Cryptosporidiosis in HIV\/AIDS Patients Visiting the HIV Referral Clinic at Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Ghana"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yeboah K.","family":"Opoku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnson N.","family":"Boampong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Ayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godwin","family":"Kwakye-Nuako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorcas","family":"Obiri-Yeboah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harriet","family":"Koranteng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Ghartey-Kwansah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwame K.","family":"Asare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis613","volume":"55","author":"Deeken J.F.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Deeken JF, Tjen-A-Looi A, Rudek MA, et al. 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