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In striking opposition to what was initially thought, MLR and BG are actually reciprocally\nand intimately interconnected. New viral-based, optogenetic, and mapping technologies revealed\nthat cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic neurons coexist in this structure, which, in addition\nto extending descending projections, send long-range ascending fibers to the BG. These MLR\nprojections to the BG convey motor and non-motor information to specific synaptic targets throughout\ndifferent nuclei. Moreover, MLR efferent fibers originate from precise neuronal subpopulations located\nin particular MLR subregions, defining independent anatomo-functional subcircuits involved in\nparticular aspects of animal behavior such as fast locomotion, explorative locomotion, posture, forelimb-\nrelated movements, speed, reinforcement, among others. In this review, we revised the literature\nproduced during the last decade linking MLR and BG. We conclude that the classic framework considering\nthe MLR as a homogeneous output structure passively receiving input from the BG needs to\nbe revisited. We propose instead that the multiple subcircuits embedded in this region should be taken\nas independent entities that convey relevant and specific ascending information to the BG and, thus,\nactively participate in the execution and tuning of behavior.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159x21666230809112840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T09:57:12Z","timestamp":1703671032000},"page":"1454-1472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/bsp_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Basal Ganglia and Mesencephalic Locomotor Region Connectivity Matrix"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s A.","family":"Morgenstern","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Instituto De Medicina Molecular Jo\u00e3o Lobo Antunes, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria S.","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics, Centro Atomico\nBariloche, CNEA, CONICET, Av. 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