{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T14:36:26Z","timestamp":1775486186691,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,10]],"date-time":"2010-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1286668800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["openbiomedicalengineeringjournal.com","benthamopen.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["TOBEJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to recent technological improvements, namely in the field of piezoelectric sensors, ballistocardiography \u2013 an almost forgotten physiological measurement \u2013 is now being object of a renewed scientific interest.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Transcending the initial purposes of its development, ballistocardiography has revealed itself to be a useful informative signal about the cardiovascular system status, since it is a non-intrusive technique which is able to assess the body\u2019s vibrations due to its cardiac, and respiratory physiological signatures.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Apart from representing the outcome of the electrical stimulus to the myocardium \u2013 which may be obtained by electrocardiography \u2013 the ballistocardiograph has additional advantages, as it can be embedded in objects of common use, such as a bed or a chair. Moreover, it enables measurements without the presence of medical staff, factor which avoids the stress caused by medical examinations and reduces the patient\u2019s involuntary psychophysiological responses.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Given these attributes, and the crescent number of systems developed in recent years, it is therefore pertinent to revise all the information available on the ballistocardiogram\u2019s physiological interpretation, its typical waveform information, its features and distortions, as well as the state of the art in device implementations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2174\/1874120701004010201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,5]],"date-time":"2010-11-05T04:50:03Z","timestamp":1288932603000},"page":"201-216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":142,"title":["Theory and Developments in an Unobtrusive Cardiovascular System Representation: Ballistocardiography"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Octavian","family":"Postolache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Gir\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"refR1","unstructured":"NASA. \u201cBallistocardiography - a bibliography\u201d NASA SP-7021 (FAA AM 65-15) 1965 September;"},{"key":"refR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.16.6.971","volume":"16","author":"Scarborough W R","year":"1957","unstructured":"Scarborough W R, Baker B M. \u201cBallistocardiography - appraisal of current status\u201d Circulation 1957; 16 : 971-5.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"refR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.7.2.268","volume":"7","author":"Gubner R S","year":"1953","unstructured":"Gubner R S, Rodstein M, Ungerleider H E. \u201cBallistocardiography - an appraisal of technic, physiologic principles, and clinical value,\u201d Circulation 1953; 7 : 268-86.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"refR4","first-page":"533","volume":"11","author":"Gordon J W","year":"1877","unstructured":"Gordon J W. \u201cOn certain molar movements of the human body produced by the circulation of the blood\u201d J Anat Physiol 1877; 11 : 533.","journal-title":"J. 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