{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T01:05:34Z","timestamp":1775091934973,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]],"date-time":"2018-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528934400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["openconstructionbuildingtechnologyjournal.com","benthamopen.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["TOBCTJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The toxicity of building materials can be addressed in the areas of occupational and environ-mental toxicology. In the first case, the harmful effects to workers caused by exposure to a specific substance during building materials production are analysed. In the latter case, the toxic effects of that substance on living organisms is examined.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Several studies analysed the environmental impact of concrete production, considering a significant number of concrete constituents and compositions, in order to find ways of minimizing it. However, some of the traditional constituents of concrete may be potentially hazardous, presenting different levels of toxicity, but only a few studies are focused on this area. Still, and in order to reduce the potential environmental impact, studies have already started on the incorporation of alternative raw materials, which may affect concrete toxicity.<\/jats:p><jats:p>It is important to develop more concrete toxicity studies analysing different mixes and constituents, in order to identify several ways of minimizing the potential toxicity of this construction material.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Different procedures and results of the leaching tests of Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA) from previous studies will be presented and discussed in this paper.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ecotoxicological characterization of materials is based on the analysis of the eluates resulting from leaching tests. There are several researches that apply different experimental leaching procedures according to existing standards and others with some variations in the standard test conditions: particle size, duration of the test, among others.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The main characteristics of RCA that affect the results of the leaching tests will be identified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2174\/1874836801812010187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]],"date-time":"2018-06-14T04:20:15Z","timestamp":1528950015000},"page":"187-196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Toxicity of Recycled Concrete Aggregates: Review on Leaching Tests"],"prefix":"10.2174","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Margarida Braga","family":"Maia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"De Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Isabel M.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jose D.","family":"Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"965","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12983","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6456-0","volume":"23","author":"Bestgen J.O.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bestgen JO, Cetin B, Tanyu BF. Effects of extraction methods and factors on leaching of metals from recycled concrete aggregates. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23 (13) : 12983-3002.","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.091","volume":"40","author":"Galv\u00edn A.P.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Galv\u00edn AP, Ayuso J, Agrela F, Barbudo A, Jim\u00e9nez JR. Analysis of leaching procedures for environmental risk assessment of recycled aggregate use in unpaved roads. Constr Build Mater 2013; 40 : 1207-14.","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s10163-015-0459-7","volume":"19","author":"Saca N.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saca N, Dimache A, Radu LR, Iancu I. Leaching behavior of some demolition wastes. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 2017; 19 (2) : 623-30.","journal-title":"J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"1","volume":"2013","year":"2013","unstructured":"Directive 2013\/39\/EU of 12 August 2013 2013; 2013 : 1-17.","journal-title":"Directive 2013\/39\/EU of 12 August 2013"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2010.08.001","volume":"40","author":"Engelsen C.J.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Engelsen CJ, Van der Sloot H, Wibetoe G, Justnes H, Lund W, Stoltenberg-Hansson E. Leaching characterisation and geochemical modelling of minor and trace elements released from recycled concrete aggregates. Cement Concr Res 2010; 40 (12) : 1639-49.","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-8340-4_1","volume":"101","author":"Tchounwou P.B.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ. Molecular. Clinic Enviro Toxicol 2012; 101 : 1-30.","journal-title":"Clinic. Enviro. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2004.06.014","volume":"35","author":"Marion A.M.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marion AM, De Lan\u00e8ve M, De Grauw A. Study of the leaching behaviour of paving concretes: Quantification of heavy metal content in leachates issued from tank test using demineralized water. Cement Concr Res 2005; 35 (5) : 951-7.","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Newman MC, Unger MA. Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology - Introduction 2nd ed. 2003; 3-20."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.05.033","volume":"276","author":"Butera S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Butera S, Christensen TH, Astrup TF. Composition and leaching of construction and demolition waste: Inorganic elements and organic compounds. J Hazard Mater 2014; 276 : 302-11.","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Van der Sloot H, Heasman L, Quevauviller Ph, Eds. Harmonization of leaching\/extraction tests 1997."},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Decree law No 46\/2008 of 12 March (in Portuguese). 2008."},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"CEN. CEN 12457-4: 2002 - Characterisation of waste-leaching - compliance test for leaching of granular waste materials and sludges - Part 4: One stage batch test at a liquid to solid ratio of 10 l\/kg for materials with particle size below 10 mm (without or with size reduction). 2002."},{"key":"ref13","volume":"11\/27","year":"2003","unstructured":"Council Decision. EC establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills pursuant to article 16 of and Annex II to Directive 1999\/31\/EC. OJ L 2003; 11\/27","journal-title":"OJ L."},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"B\u00f6hmer S, Neubauer C, Schachermayer E, Winter B, Walter B. \"Aggregates case study. Final Report of contract n\u00b0 150787-2007 F1SC-AT\", pp. 1-282, 2008."},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"CEN. CEN\/TS 16637-1:2014 - Construction products - Assessment of release of dangerous substances - Part 1: Guidance for the determination of leaching tests and additional testing steps. 2014."},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"CEN. CEN\/TS 16637-2:2014 - Construction products - Assessment of release of dangerous substances - Part 2: Horizontal dynamic surface leaching test. 2014."},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"CEN. CEN\/TS 16637-3:2016 - Construction products - Assessment of release of dangerous substances - Part 3: Horizontal up-flow percolation test. 2016."},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"CEN. EN 12457-3:2002 - Characterisation of waste-leaching - Compliance test for leaching of granular waste materials and sludges - Part 3: Two stage batch test at a liquid to solid ratio of 2 l\/kg and 8 l\/kg for materials with a high solid content and with a particle size below 4 mm (without or with size reduction). 2002."},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"NNI. NEN 7343:1994 - Leaching characteristics of solid earthy and stony building and waste materials. Leaching tests Determination of the leaching of inorganic components from granular materials with the column test. 1994"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"CEN. 2004. CEN\/TS 14405:2004 - Characterization of waste - Leaching behaviour tests - Up-flow percolation test (under specified conditions). 2004."},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"CEN. EN 14997: 2015 - Characterization of waste - Leaching behaviour test - Influence of pH on leaching with continuous pH control. 2015."},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"EPA. SW 846 Method 1311 - Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, n. 1992."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2015.07.051","volume":"46","author":"Del Rey I.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Del Rey I, Ayuso J, Galv\u00edn AP, Jim\u00e9nez JR, L\u00f3pez M, Garc\u00eda-Garrido ML. Analysis of chromium and sulphate origins in construction recycled materials based on leaching test results. Waste Manag 2015; 46 : 278-86.","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-053X(96)00028-1","volume":"16","author":"Van der Sloot H.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Van der Sloot H. Developments in evaluating environmental impact from utilization of bulk inert wastes using laboratory leaching tests and field verification. Waste Manag 1996; 16 (1\u20133) : 65-81.","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"56","author":"Van der Sloot H.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Van der Sloot H, Dijkstra JJ. Development of horizontally standardized leaching tests for construction materials\u202f: A material based or release based approach? l Identical leaching mechanisms for different materials Energy Res Cent Netherlands 2004; 56. n. June","journal-title":"Energy Res. Cent. Netherlands"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van der Sloot H. Horizontal standardization and harmonization of leaching test methods for waste, secondary raw materials, construction materials and (contaminated) soil WASCON 2003 - Prog road to Sustain 2003; 793-808.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2003.09.002"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"Bestgen J.O.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bestgen JO, Hatipoglu M, Cetin B, Aydilek AH. Mechanical and environmental suitability of recycled concrete aggregate as a highway base material. J Mater Civil Eng 2016; 4 : 1-13.","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civil. Eng."},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"173","year":"2003","unstructured":"W. S. D. of Ecology. An assessment of laboratory leaching tests for predicting the impacts of fill material on ground water and surface water quality - A report to the legislature Program 2003; (3): 173.","journal-title":"Program"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"ASTM. ASTM D4793 - Standard test method for sequential batch extraction of waste with water. 1999."},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"ASTM. ASTM D3987 - Standard test method for shake extraction of solid waste with water, 2004."},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"EPA. SW 846 Method 1312 - Synthetic precipitation leaching procedure, 1994."},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"EPA, Method 1313 - Liquid-solid partitioning as a function of extract pH using a parallel batch extraction procedure. 2012."},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"ASTM. ASTM D5233 - Standard test methods for single batch extraction method for wastes. 2009."},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"CEN. EN 12457-2:2002 - Characterisation of waste-leaching-compliance test for leaching of granular waste materials and sludges - Part 2: One stage batch test at a liquid to solid ratio of 10 l\/kg for materials with particle size below 4 mm (without or with size reduction). 2002."},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"CEN. EN 12457-1:2002 - Characterisation of waste-leaching-compliance test for leaching of granular waste materials and sludges - Part 1: One stage batch test at a liquid to solid ratio of 2 l\/kg for materials with high solid content and with particle size belo w 4 mm (without or with size reduction). 2002."},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"CEN. CEN\/TS 14429 - Characterization of waste - Leaching behaviour tests - Influence of pH on leaching with initial acid\/base addition. 2005."},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"NNI. NEN 7341- Leaching characteristics of solid earthy and stony building and waste materials - Leaching tests - Determination of the availability of inorganic components for leaching. 1995."},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"USGSLT - US Geological Survey leach test http:\/\/wwwwunderground com\/personal-weather-station\/dashboard?ID=KVACENTR1 #history\/s20131213\/e20141214\/myear http:\/\/www.wunderground. com\/personal-weather-station\/dashboard?ID=KVACENTR1 #history\/s20131213\/e20141214\/myear 2016. Accessed 28 Jan 2015 by Appaspour et al., 2016"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20835","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7217-9","volume":"23","author":"Abbaspour A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abbaspour A, Tanyu BF, Cetin B. Impact of aging on leaching characteristics of recycled concrete aggregate. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23 (20) : 20835-52.","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2012.02.005","volume":"32","author":"Barbudo A.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barbudo A, Galv\u00edn AP, Agrela F, Ayuso J, Jim\u00e9nez JR. Correlation analysis between sulphate content and leaching of sulphates in recycled aggregates from construction and demolition wastes. Waste Manag 2012; 32 (6) : 1229-35.","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2015.04.032","volume":"43","author":"Butera S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Butera S, Hyks J, Christensen TH, Astrup TF. Construction and demolition waste: Comparison of standard up-flow column and down-flow lysimeter leaching tests. Waste Manag 2015; 43 : 386-97.","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-017-9868-2","volume":"8","author":"Coudray C.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Coudray C, et al. Influence of crushing conditions on recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) leaching behaviour. Waste Biomass Valoriz 2017; 8 (8) : 2867-80.","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valoriz."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.02.052","volume":"587-588","author":"Engelsen C.J.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Engelsen CJ, van der Sloot HA, Petkovic G. Long-term leaching from recycled concrete aggregates applied as sub-base material in road construction. Sci Total Environ 2017; 587-588 : 94-101.","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.07.074","volume":"83","author":"Galv\u00edn A.P.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Galv\u00edn AP, Ayuso J, Garc\u00eda I, Jim\u00e9nez JR, Guti\u00e9rrez F. The effect of compaction on the leaching and pollutant emission time of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste. J Clean Prod 2014; 83 : 294-304.","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2014.05.001","volume":"34","author":"Galv\u00edn A.P.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Galv\u00edn AP, Agrela F, Ayuso J, Beltr\u00e1n MG, Barbudo A. Leaching assessment of concrete made of recycled coarse aggregate: Physical and environmental characterisation of aggregates and hardened concrete. Waste Manag 2014; 34 (9) : 1693-704.","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2007.11.009","volume":"28","author":"Lopez Meza S.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lopez Meza S, Garrabrants AC, van der Sloot H, Kosson DS. Comparison of the release of constituents from granular materials under batch and column testing. Waste Manag 2008; 28 (10) : 1853-67.","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.06.026","volume":"143","author":"Roque A.J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roque AJ, Martins IM, Freire AC, Neves JM, Antunes ML. Assessment of environmental hazardous of construction and demolition recycled materials (C & DRM) from laboratory and field leaching tests application in road pavement layers Procedia Eng 2016; 143 : 204-11.","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10060649","volume":"10","author":"Rodrigues P.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rodrigues P, Silvestre JD, Flores-Colen I, et al. Methodology for the assessment of the ecotoxicological potential of construction materials. Materials (Basel) 2017; 10 (6) : 649.","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1089\/109287502760079188","volume":"19","author":"Kosson D.S.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kosson DS, Van der Sloot H, Sanchez F, Garrabrants AC. An integrated framework for evaluating leaching in waste management and utilization of secondary materials. Environ Eng Sci 2002; 19 (3) : 159-204.","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref50","unstructured":"CEN. EN 932-1:1997 - Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates. Determination of particle size distribution. Part 1: Sieving method. 1997."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20835","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7217-9","volume":"23","author":"Abbaspour A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abbaspour A, Tanyu BF, Cetin B. Impact of aging on leaching characteristics of recycled concrete aggregate. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23 (20) : 20835-52.","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref52","unstructured":"CEN. EN 932-2:1999 - Tests for general properties of aggregates. Part 2: Methods for reducing laboratory samples, 1999."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2009.02.001","volume":"39","author":"Engelsen C.J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Engelsen CJ, Van der Sloot H, Wibetoe G, Petkovic G, Stoltenberg-Hansson E, Lund W. Release of major elements from recycled concrete aggregates and geochemical modelling. Cement Concr Res 2009; 39 (5) : 446-59.","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."}],"container-title":["The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openconstructionbuildingtechnologyjournal.com\/contents\/volumes\/V12\/TOBCTJ-12-187\/TOBCTJ-12-187.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/openconstructionbuildingtechnologyjournal.com\/contents\/volumes\/V12\/TOBCTJ-12-187\/TOBCTJ-12-187.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/openconstructionbuildingtechnologyjournal.com\/contents\/volumes\/V12\/TOBCTJ-12-187\/TOBCTJ-12-187.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,19]],"date-time":"2019-10-19T11:59:42Z","timestamp":1571486382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openconstructionbuildingtechnologyjournal.com\/VOLUME\/12\/PAGE\/187\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]]}},"alternative-id":["TOBCTJ-12-187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1874836801812010187","relation":{},"ISSN":["1874-8368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1874-8368","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Peer Reviewed","order":0,"name":"review_status","label":"Review Status","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review Process","group":{"name":"peer_review_details","label":"Peer Review Details"}},{"value":"Checked with iThenticate","order":0,"name":"screening_status","label":"Screening Status","group":{"name":"plagiarism_screening","label":"Plagiarism Screening"}},{"value":"2018-02-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-5-10","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-05-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-6-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}