{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T21:07:43Z","timestamp":1781730463200,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,1]],"date-time":"2005-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1120176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bioleaching processes have been demonstrated to be effective technologies in removing heavy metals from wastewater sludge, but long hydraulic retention times are typically required to operate these bioprocesses. A hybrid process (coupling biological and chemical processes) has been explored in laboratory pilot\u2010scale experiments for heavy metals (cadmium [Cd], copper [Cu], chromium [Cr], and zinc [Zn]) removal from three types of sludge (primary sludge, secondary activated sludge, and a mixture of primary and secondary sludge). The hybrid process consisted of producing a concentrate ferric ion solution followed by chemical treatment of sludges. Ferric iron solution was produced biologically via oxidation of ferrous iron by A. ferrooxidans in a continuous\u2010flow stirred tank (5.2 L) reactor (CSTR). Wastewater sludge filtrate (WSF) containing nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) has been used as culture media to support the growth and activity of indigenous iron\u2010oxidizing bacteria. Results showed that total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations of the culture media in excess of 235 mg\/L were found to be inhibitory to bacterial growth. The oxidation rate increased as ferrous iron concentrations ranged from 10 to 40 g Fe<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\/L. The percentage of ferrous iron (Fe<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>) oxidized to ferric iron (Fe<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>) increased as the hydraulic retention time (HRT) increased from 12 to 48 h. Successful and complete Fe<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> oxidation was recorded at a HRT of 48 h using 10 g Fe<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\/L. Subsequently, ferric ion solution produced by A. ferrooxidans in sludge filtrate was used to solubilize heavy metals contained in wastewater sludge. The best solubilization was obtained with a mixture of primary and secondary sludge, demonstrating a removal efficiency of 63, 71, 49, and 80% for Cd, Cu, Cr, and Zn, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1554-7531.2005.tb00296.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]],"date-time":"2018-12-31T22:32:02Z","timestamp":1546295522000},"page":"372-380","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Hybrid Process for Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater Sludge"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"Drogui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Blais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Mercier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","author":"American Public Health Association; American Water Works Association; Water Pollution Control Federation","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00183252"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(97)00263-7"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(1992)118:5(690)","article-title":"Bioleaching of Metals from Wastewater Sludge by Sulfur\u2010Oxidizing Bacteria.","volume":"118","author":"Blais J. 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