{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]],"date-time":"2023-09-16T07:49:37Z","timestamp":1694850577051},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]],"date-time":"2006-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001382","name":"Water Environment Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001382","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Direct current applied to a tin oxide anode submersed in water has the potential to generate hydroxyl radicals, a strong chemical oxidant. Tin oxide anode systems, which may represent a viable alternative disinfectant, were investigated for the disinfection of secondary effluents. Coliform bacteria in the effluent were effectively inactivated in a bench\u2010scale tin oxide disinfection system. The number of anodes in the tin oxide disinfection system influenced the steady\u2010state concentration of hydroxyl radicals and, consequently, the contact time necessary to achieve a specified dose. The life expectancy of the anodes was greater than 30 days and no appreciable loss of tin was observed over a 5\u2010day period. A preliminary estimate of the capital and operating costs of a pilot\u2010 or full\u2010scale tin oxide disinfection system designed to meet a discharge requirement of 23 most probable number\/100 mL at a 3 785\u2010m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\/d (1\u2010mgd) facility was comparable to UV and chlorination\/dechlorination facilities. Based on this preliminary assessment, tin oxide disinfection systems are a promising alternative disinfectant for secondary effluents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2175\/106143005x84503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,13]],"date-time":"2006-04-13T21:42:23Z","timestamp":1144964543000},"page":"41-48","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Disinfection of Secondary Effluents Using Tin Oxide Anodes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Frank J.","family":"Loge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Inouye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Watts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","author":"American Public Health Association; American Water Works Association; Water Environment Federation","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(00)00190-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(99)00396-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"513","article-title":"Critical Review of Rate Constants for Reactions of Hydrated Electrons, Hydrogen Atoms, and Hydroxyl Radicals in Aqueous Solution.","volume":"17","author":"Buxton G. 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