{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T00:04:51Z","timestamp":1794269091106,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]],"date-time":"2008-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1209600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Water Environment Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The goal of this study was to determine the removal efficiencies of chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc from raw wastewater by chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) and to attain a total suspended solids removal goal of 80%. Operating parameters and chemical doses were optimized by bench\u2010scale tests. Locally obtained raw wastewater samples were spiked with heavy metal solutions to obtain representative concentrations of metals in wastewater. Jar tests were conducted to compare the metals removal efficiencies of the chemical treatment options using ferric chloride, alum, and anionic polymer. The results obtained were compared with those from other studies. It was concluded that CEPT using ferric chloride and anionic polymer is more effective than CEPT using alum for metals removal. The CEPT dosing of 40 mg\/L ferric chloride and 0.5 mg\/L polymer enhanced heavy metals removal efficiencies by over 200% for chromium, copper, zinc, and nickel and 475% for lead, compared with traditional primary treatment. Efficient metals capture during CEPT can result in increased allowable headworks loadings or lower metal levels in the outfall.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2175\/106143007x221490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,24]],"date-time":"2008-05-24T18:22:13Z","timestamp":1211653333000},"page":"472-479","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Enhanced Removal of Heavy Metals in Primary Treatment Using Coagulation and Flocculation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Pauline D.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padmanabhan","family":"Girinathannair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt N.","family":"Ohlinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Ritchie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Teuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Water Treatment Plant Design","author":"American Water Works Association; American Society of Chemical Engineers","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","author":"Amirtharajah A.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Coagulation Processes: Destabilization, Mixing, and Flocculation"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.1968.tb03592.x"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(98)00372-8","article-title":"Development of a Jar Test Protocol for Chemical Phosphorus Removal in Activated Sludge Using Statistical Experimental Design.","volume":"33","author":"Clark T.","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. 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