{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:39:13Z","timestamp":1792157953939,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"Japan Neurosurgical Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol. Med. Chir.(Tokyo)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.52.245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,9]],"date-time":"2013-09-09T19:24:54Z","timestamp":1378754694000},"page":"245-266","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":899,"title":["Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Moyamoya Disease (Spontaneous Occlusion of the Circle of Willis)"],"prefix":"10.2176","volume":"52","author":[{"name":"Research Committee on the Pathology and Treatment of Spontaneous Occlusion of the Circle of Willis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Health Labour Sciences Research Grant for Research on Measures for Intractable Diseases","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"971","reference":[{"key":"1","unstructured":"1) Kudo T: [Occlusion of the internal carotid artery and the type of recovery of cerebral blood circulation]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku<\/i> 1: 199-200, 1960 (Japanese)"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2) Kudo T: Spontaneous occlusion of the circle of Willis. A disease apparently confined to Japanese. Neurology<\/i> 18: 485-496, 1968","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.18.5.485"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3) Nishimoto A, Takeuchi S: Abnormal cerebrovascular network related to the internal carotid arteries. J Neurosurg<\/i> 29: 255-260, 1968","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1968.29.3.0255"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"4) Research Committee on Spontaneous Occlusion of the Circle of Willis (Moyamoya Disease): [Research on Specified Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare 1998 Research Report: Latest Diagnostic and Treatment Guidelines<\/i>]. 1998 (Japanese)"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5) Suzuki J, Kodama N: Cerebrovascular “Moyamoya” disease. 2. Collateral routes to forebrain via ethmoid sinus and superior nasal meatus. Angiology<\/i> 2: 223-236, 1971","DOI":"10.1177\/000331977102200408"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6) Suzuki J, Takaku A: Cerebrovascular “moyamoya” disease. Disease showing abnormal net-like vessels in base of brain. Arch Neurol<\/i> 20: 288-299, 1969","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1969.00480090076012"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"7) Suzuki J, Takaku A, Asahi M, Kowada M: [Examination of disease groups showing abnormal reticular vascular images at the base of the brain that frequently occur in Japanese people]. No To Shinkei<\/i> 17: 767-776, 1965 (Japanese)"},{"key":"8","unstructured":"8) Takeuchi K, Shimizu K: [Hypogenesis of bilateral internal carotid arteries]. No To Shinkei<\/i> 9: 37-43, 1957 (Japanese)"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1) Baba T, Houkin K, Kuroda S: Novel epidemiological features of moyamoya disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry<\/i> 79: 900-904, 2008","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.130666"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2) Goto Y, Yonekawa Y: Worldwide distribution of moyamoya disease. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)<\/i> 32: 883-886, 1992","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.32.883"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3) Ikeda K, Iwasaki Y, Kashihara H, Hosozawa K, Anan K, Tamura M, Satoyoshi E, Ikeda H: Adult moyamoya disease in the asymptomatic Japanese population. J Clin Neurosci<\/i> 13: 334-338, 2006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2005.02.026"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4) Ikezaki K, Han DH, Kawano T, Kinukawa N, Fukui M: A clinical comparison of definite moyamoya disease between South Korea and Japan. Stroke<\/i> 28: 2513-2517, 1997","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.12.2513"},{"key":"13","unstructured":"5) Kudo T: [The cause of spontaneous occlusion of the circle of Willis], in<\/i> Tazaki Y (ed<\/i>): [Adult Diseases Medical Examination Course, vol 3. Stroke<\/i>]. Tokyo, Kanehara, 1975, pp 253-259 (Japanese)"},{"key":"14","unstructured":"6) Mizukawa N, Ueda K, Takeuchi S, Nishimoto A: [Abnormal vascular network at the brain base: General theory: Statistical observation and problems]. Igaku No Ayumi<\/i> 9: 279, 1974 (Japanese)"},{"key":"15","unstructured":"7) Ohki K, Hoshino H, Suzuki N, Nogawa S, Yamaguchi K: [2006 Database evaluation by the Research Committee on Moyamoya Disease (Spontaneous Occlusion of the Circle of Willis)], in<\/i>: [Research on Spontaneous Occlusion of the Circle of Willis of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Group Leader: Hashimoto N) 2006 Study Report<\/i>]. 2007, pp 19-25 (Japanese)"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8) Wakai K, Tamakoshi A, Ikezaki K, Fukui M, Kawamura T, Aoki R, Kojima M, Lin Y, Ohno Y: Epidemiological features of moyamoya disease in Japan: findings from a nationwide survey. Clin Neurol Neurosurg<\/i> 99 Suppl 2: S1-5, 1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(97)00031-0"},{"key":"17","unstructured":"9) Yamaguchi K, Nogawa S, Fukuuchi Y: [National survey on spontaneous occlusion of the circle of Willis (moyamoya disease)]. Shinkei Naika<\/i> 54: 319-327, 2001 (Japanese)"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1) Ikeda H, Sasaki T, Yoshimoto T, Fukui M, Arinami T: Mapping of a familial moyamoya disease gene to chromosome 3p24.2-p26. Am J Hum Genet<\/i> 64: 533-537, 1999","DOI":"10.1086\/302243"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2) Inoue TK, Ikezaki K, Sasazuki T, Matsushima T, Fukui M: Linkage analysis of moyamoya disease on chromosome 6. J Child Neurol<\/i> 15: 179-182, 2000","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380001500307"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3) Kelly ME, Bell-Stephens TE, Marks MP, Do HM, Steinberg GK: Progression of unilateral moyamoya disease: A clinical series. Cerebrovasc Dis<\/i> 22: 109-115, 2006","DOI":"10.1159\/000093238"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4) Kuroda S, Ishikawa T, Houkin K, Nanba R, Hokari M, Iwasaki Y: Incidence and clinical features of disease progression in adult moyamoya disease. Stroke<\/i> 36: 2148-2153, 2005","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000182256.32489.99"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5) Mineharu Y, Liu W, Inoue K, Matsuura N, Inoue S, Takenaka K, Ikeda H, Houkin K, Takagi Y, Kikuta K, Nozaki K, Hashimoto N, Koizumi A: Autosomal dominant moyamoya disease maps to chromosome 17q25.3. Neurology<\/i> 70: 2357-2363, 2008","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000291012.49986.f9"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6) Mineharu Y, Takenaka K, Yamakawa H, Inoue K, Ikeda H, Kikuta KI, Takagi Y, Nozaki K, Hashimoto N, Koizumi A: Inheritance pattern of familial moyamoya disease: autosomal dominant mode and genomic imprinting. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry<\/i> 77: 1025-1029, 2006","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.096040"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7) Oka K, Yamashita M, Sadoshima S, Tanaka K: Cerebral haemorrhage in Moyamoya disease at autopsy. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol<\/i> 392: 247-261, 1981","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02155663"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8) Sakurai K, Horiuchi Y, Ikeda H, Ikezaki K, Yoshimoto T, Fukui M, Arinami T: A novel susceptibility locus for moyamoya disease on chromosome 8q23. J Hum Genet<\/i> 49: 278-281, 2004","DOI":"10.1007\/s10038-004-0143-6"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9) Takagi Y, Kikuta K, Sadamasa N, Nozaki K, Hashimoto N: Caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in middle cerebral arteries in patients with moyamoya disease. Neurosurgery<\/i> 59: 894-901, 2006","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000232771.80339.15"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10) Takahashi A, Sawamura Y, Houkin K, Kamiyama H, Abe H: The cerebrospinal fluid in patients with moyamoya disease (spontaneous occlusion of the circle of Willis) contains high level of basic fibroblast growth factor. Neurosci Lett<\/i> 160: 214-216, 1993","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(93)90416-I"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11) Weber C, Tato F, Brandl T, Kellner W, Hoffmann U: Adult moyamoya disease with peripheral artery involvement. J Vasc Surg<\/i> 34: 943-946, 2001","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2001.117151"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12) Yamauchi T, Tada M, Houkin K, Tanaka T, Nakamura Y, Kuroda S, Abe H, Inoue T, Ikezaki K, Matsushima T, Fukui M: Linkage of familial moyamoya disease (spontaneous occlusion of the circle of Willis) to chromosome 17q25. Stroke<\/i> 31: 930-935, 2000","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.4.930"},{"key":"30","unstructured":"1) Baba T, Kuroda S, Hokin K: [Recent trend of notified patients with moyamoya disease: Complete survey in Hokkaido 2002-2006], in<\/i>: [Study on the Pathology and Treatment of Spontaneous Occlusion of the Circle of Willis (Chief Researcher: Hashimoto N) 2006 Comprehensive\/Subdivided Study Report<\/i>]. 2007, pp 4-5 (Japanese)"},{"key":"31","unstructured":"2) Fukuuchi Y (ed<\/i>): [Research Committee on Moyamoya Disease (Spontaneous Occlusion of the Circle of Willis): New database—importance of headache as a symptom], in<\/i>: [Study on the Etiology and Pathology of Spontaneous Occlusion of the Circle of Willis (Chief Researcher: Yoshimoto T) 2002-2004 General Study Report<\/i>]. 2005, pp 9-13 (Japanese)"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3) Kudo T: Spontaneous occlusion of the circle of Willis. A disease apparently confined to Japanese. Neurology<\/i> 18: 485-496, 1968","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.18.5.485"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4) Kuroda S, Hashimoto N, Yoshimoto T, Iwasaki Y: Radiological findings, clinical course, and outcome in asymptomatic moyamoya disease: results of multicenter survey in Japan. Stroke<\/i> 38: 1430-1435, 2007","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.106.478297"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5) Lyoo CH, Oh SH, Joo JY, Chung TS, Lee MS: Hemidystonia and hemichoreoathetosis as an initial manifestation of moyamoya disease. Arch Neurol<\/i> 57: 1510-1512, 2000","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.57.10.1510"},{"key":"35","unstructured":"6) Matsushima Y, Aoyagi M, Nariai T, Takada Y, Wakimoto H, Oki J, Srivatanakul K, Hirakawa K, Motoki K: [Long-term prognosis of intelligence in childhood moyamoya patients evaluated by Wechsler tests. I. Determination of standard changes in intelligence of non-operated patients]. Shoni No Noshinkei<\/i> 21: 224-231, 1996 (Japanese)"},{"key":"36","unstructured":"7) Miyamoto S, Kikuchi H, Karasawa J, Nagata I, Ihara I, Yamagata S: Study of the posterior circulation in moyamoya disease. Part 2: Visual disturbances and surgical treatment. J Neurosurg<\/i> 65: 454-460, 1986"},{"key":"37","unstructured":"8) Ohki K, Hoshino H, Suzuki N, Nogawa S, Yamaguchi K: [2006 Database evaluation by the Research Committee on Moyamoya Disease (Spontaneous Occlusion of the Circle of Willis)], in<\/i>: [Research on Spontaneous Occlusion of the Circle of Willis of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Group Leader: Hashimoto N)<\/i>]. 2007, pp 19-25 (Japanese)"},{"key":"38","unstructured":"9) Yamaguchi K, Nogawa S, Fukuuchi Y: [National survey on spontaneous occlusion of the circle of Willis (moyamoya disease)]. Shinkei Naika<\/i> 54: 319-327, 2001 (Japanese)"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1) Aoki S, Hayashi N, Abe O, Shirouzu I, Ishigame K, Okubo T, Nakagawa K, Ohtomo K, Araki T: Radiation-induced arteritis: thickened wall with prominent enhancement on cranial MR images report of five cases and comparison with 18 cases of Moyamoya disease. Radiology<\/i> 223: 683-688, 2002","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2233010822"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2) Czartoski T, Hallam D, Lacy JM, Chun MR, Becker K: Postinfectious vasculopathy with evolution to moyamoya syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry<\/i> 76: 256-259, 2005","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.041046"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3) Horn P, Pfister S, Bueltmann E, Vajkoczy P, Schmiedek P: Moyamoya-like vasculopathy (moyamoya syndrome) in children. Childs Nerv Syst<\/i> 20: 382-391, 2004","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-004-0960-0"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4) Hosoda Y, Ikeda E, Hirose S: Histopathological studies on spontaneous occlusion of the circle of Willis (cerebrovascular moyamoya disease). Clin Neurol Neurosurg<\/i> 99 Suppl 2: S203-208, 1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(97)00044-9"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5) Im SH, Oh CW, Kwon OK, Kim JE, Han DH: Moyamoya disease associated with Graves disease: special considerations regarding clinical significance and management. J Neurosurg<\/i> 102: 1013-1017, 2005","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2005.102.6.1013"},{"key":"44","unstructured":"6) Inoue T, Matsushima T, Fujii K, Fukui M, Hasuo K, Matsuo H: [Akin moyamoya disease in children]. No Shinkei Geka<\/i> 21: 59-65, 1993 (Japanese)"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7) Ishikawa T, Houkin K, Yoshimoto T, Abe H: Vasoreconstructive surgery for radiation-induced vasculopathy in childhood. Surg Neurol<\/i> 48: 620-626, 1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(97)00029-3"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8) Jea A, Smith ER, Robertson R, Scott RM: Moyamoya syndrome associated with Down syndrome: outcome after surgical revascularization. Pediatrics<\/i> 116: e694-e701, 2005","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0568"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9) Kelly ME, Bell-Stephens TE, Marks MP, Do HM, Steinberg GK: Progression of unilateral moyamoya disease: A clinical series. Cerebrovasc<\/i> Dis 22: 109-115, 2006","DOI":"10.1159\/000093238"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10) Kestle JR, Hoffman HJ, Mock AR: Moyamoya phenomenon after radiation for optic glioma. J Neurosurg<\/i> 79: 32-35, 1993","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1993.79.1.0032"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11) Rosser TL, Vezina G, Packer RJ: Cerebrovascular abnormalities in a population of children with neurofibromatosis type 1. Neurology<\/i> 64: 553-555, 2005","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000150544.00016.69"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12) Scott RM, Smith JL, Robertson RL, Madsen JR, Soriano SG, Rockoff MA: Long-term outcome in children with moyamoya syndrome after cranial revascularization by pial synangiosis. J Neurosurg<\/i> 100: 142-149, 2004","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2004.100.2.0142"},{"key":"51","unstructured":"1) Cultrera F, Giuffrida M, Alberio N, Chiaramonte I: Hemorrhagic unilateral moyamoya: report of one case. Neurologia<\/i> 19: 277-279, 2004"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2) Fukui M: Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous occlusion of the circle of Willis (‘moyamoya’ disease). Research Committee on Spontaneous Occlusion of the Circle of Willis (Moyamoya Disease) of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan. Clin Neurol Neurosurg<\/i> 99 Suppl 2: S238-240, 1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(97)00082-6"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3) Hirotsune N, Meguro T, Kawada S, Nakashima H, Ohmoto T: Long-term follow-up study of patients with unilateral moyamoya disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg<\/i> 99 Suppl 2: S178-181, 1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(97)00043-7"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4) Honda N, Machida K, Takishima T, Kaizu H, Sugimoto E: Iodine-123 IMP SPECT before and after bypass surgery in a patient with occlusion of left anterior and middle cerebral arteries with basal abnormal telangiectasis (unilateral Moyamoya disease). Ann Nucl Med<\/i> 1: 43-46, 1987","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03164550"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5) Houkin K, Abe H, Yoshimoto T, Takahashi A: Is “unilateral” moyamoya disease different from moyamoya disease? J Neurosurg<\/i> 85: 772-776, 1996","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1996.85.5.0772"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6) Kasamo S, Asakura T, Yamamoto Y, Kobayashi E: Unilateral moyamoya disease associated with multiple aneurysms. A case report and review of the literature. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)<\/i> 24: 30-34, 1984","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.24.30"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7) Kawano T, Fukui M, Hashimoto N, Yonekawa Y: Follow-up study of patients with “unilateral” moyamoya disease. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)<\/i> 34: 744-747, 1994","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.34.744"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8) Kelly ME, Bell-Stephens TE, Marks MP, Do HM, Steinberg GK: Progression of unilateral moyamoya disease: A clinical series. Cerebrovasc Dis<\/i> 22: 109-115, 2006","DOI":"10.1159\/000093238"},{"key":"59","unstructured":"9) Kitagawa K: [“Guidelines for diagnosis of quasi-moyamoya disease” subdivided study report], in<\/i>: [Health Labour Sciences Research Grant for Research on Measures for Intractable Diseases 2006 Comprehensive\/Subdivided Study Report<\/i>]. 2007, p 68 (Japanese)"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10) Kusaka N, Tamiya T, Adachi Y, Katayama S, Namba S, Tokunaga K, Sugiu K, Date I, Ohmoto T: Adult unilateral moyamoya disease with familial occurrence in two definite cases: a case report and review of the literature. Neurosurg Rev<\/i> 29: 82-87, 2006","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-005-0406-5"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11) Matsushima T, Inoue T, Natori Y, Fujii K, Fukui M, Hasuo K, Kuwabara Y: Children with unilateral occlusion or stenosis of the ICA associated with surrounding moyamoya vessels—“unilateral” moyamoya disease. Acta Neurochir (Wien)<\/i> 131: 196-202, 1994","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01808612"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12) Mineharu Y, Inoue K, Inoue S, Yamada S, Nozaki K, Hashimoto N, Koizumi A: Model-based linkage analyses confirm chromosome 19q13.3 as a susceptibility locus for intracranial aneurysm. Stroke<\/i> 38: 1174-1178, 2007","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000259657.73682.03"},{"key":"63","unstructured":"13) Nagata I: [“Pathology and treatment of unilateral moyamoya disease” subdivided study report], in<\/i>: [Health Labour Sciences Research Grant for Research on Measures for Intractable Diseases 2006 Comprehensive\/Subdivided Study Report<\/i>]. 2007, p 38 (Japanese)"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14) Nagata S, Matsushima T, Morioka T, Matsukado K, Mihara F, Sasaki T, Fukui M: Unilaterally symptomatic moyamoya disease in children: long-term follow-up of 20 patients. Neurosurgery<\/i> 59: 830-837, 2006","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000227527.69766.43"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15) Nijdam JR, Luijten JA, van Gijn J: Cerebral haemorrhage associated with unilateral Moyamoya syndrome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg<\/i> 88: 49-51, 1986","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-8467(86)90007-7"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1) Fujimura M, Mugikura S, Shimizu H, Tominaga T: [Diagnostic value of perfusion-weighted MRI for evaluating postoperative alteration of cerebral hemodynamics following STA-MCA anastomosis in patients with moyamoya disease]. No Shinkei Geka<\/i> 34: 801-809, 2006 (Japanese)","DOI":"10.2335\/scs.34.37"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2) Fukui M: Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous occlusion of the circle of Willis (‘moyamoya’ disease). Research Committee on Spontaneous Occlusion of the Circle of Willis (Moyamoya Disease) of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan. Clin Neurol Neurosurg<\/i> 99 Suppl 2: S238-240, 1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(97)00082-6"},{"key":"68","unstructured":"3) Fushimi Y, Miki Y, Kikuta K, Okada T, Kanagaki M, Yamamoto A, Nozaki K, Hashimoto N, Hanakawa T, Fukuyama H, Togashi K: Comparison of 3.0- and 1.5-T three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography in moyamoya disease: preliminary experience. Radiology<\/i> 239: 232-237, 2006"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4) Houkin K, Aoki T, Takahashi A, Abe H: Diagnosis of moyamoya disease with magnetic resonance angiography. Stroke<\/i> 25: 2159-2164, 1994","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.25.11.2159"},{"key":"70","unstructured":"5) Houkin K, Nakayama N, Kuroda S, Ishikawa T, Nonaka T: How does angiogenesis develop in pediatric moyamoya disease after surgery? A prospective study with MR angiography. Childs Nerv Syst<\/i> 20: 734-741, 2004"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6) Houkin K, Nakayama N, Kuroda S, Nonaka T, Shonai T, Yoshimoto T: Novel magnetic resonance angiography stage grading for moyamoya disease. Cerebrovasc Dis<\/i> 20: 347-354, 2005","DOI":"10.1159\/000087935"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7) Suzuki J, Kodama N: Cerebrovascular “Moyamoya” disease. 2. Collateral routes to forebrain via ethmoid sinus and superior nasal meatus. Angiology<\/i> 22: 223-236, 1971","DOI":"10.1177\/000331977102200408"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8) Suzuki J, Takaku A: Cerebrovascular “moyamoya” disease. Disease showing abnormal net-like vessels in base of brain. Arch Neurol<\/i> 20: 288-299, 1969","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1969.00480090076012"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9) Yamada I, Suzuki S, Matsushima Y: Moyamoya disease: comparison of assessment with MR angiography and MR imaging versus conventional angiography. Radiology<\/i> 196: 211-218, 1995","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.196.1.7784569"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1) Fujimura M, Kaneta T, Mugikura S, Shimizu H, Tominaga T: Temporary neurologic deterioration due to cerebral hyperperfusion after superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis in patients with adult-onset moyamoya disease. Surg Neurol<\/i> 67: 273-282, 2007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.07.017"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2) Ikezaki K, Matsushima T, Kuwabara Y, Suzuki SO, Nomura T, Fukui M: Cerebral circulation and oxygen metabolism in childhood moyamoya disease: a perioperative positron emission tomography study. J Neurosurg<\/i> 81: 843-850, 1994","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.81.6.0843"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3) Kodama N, Aoki Y, Hiraga H, Wada T, Suzuki J: Electroencephalographic findings in children with moyamoya disease. Arch Neurol<\/i> 36: 16-19, 1979","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1979.00500370046008"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4) Kuroda S, Ishikawa T, Houkin K, Nanba R, Hokari M, Iwasaki Y: Incidence and clinical features of disease progression in adult moyamoya disease. Stroke<\/i> 36: 2148-2153, 2005","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000182256.32489.99"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5) Kuroda S, Kamiyama H, Isobe M, Houkin K, Abe H, Mitsumori K: Cerebral hemodynamics and “re-build-up” phenomenon on electroencephalogram in children with moyamoya disease. Childs Nerv Syst<\/i> 11: 214-219, 1995","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00277656"},{"key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6) Kuwabara Y, Ichiya Y, Sasaki M, Yoshida T, Masuda K, Ikezaki K, Matsushima T, Fukui M: Cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in moyamoya disease—a positron emission tomography study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg<\/i> 99 Suppl 2: S74-78, 1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(97)00061-9"},{"key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7) Miyamoto S: Study design for a prospective randomized trial of extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery for adults with moyamoya disease and hemorrhagic onset—the Japan Adult Moyamoya Trial Group. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)<\/i> 44: 218-219, 2004","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.44.218"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8) Morimoto M, Iwama T, Hashimoto N, Kojima A, Hayashida K: Efficacy of direct revascularization in adult Moyamoya disease: haemodynamic evaluation by positron emission tomography. Acta Neurochir (Wien)<\/i> 141: 377-384, 1999","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010050313"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9) Nagata S, Matsushima T, Morioka T, Matsukado K, Mihara F, Sasaki T, Fukui M: Unilaterally symptomatic moyamoya disease in children: long-term follow-up of 20 patients. Neurosurgery<\/i> 59: 830-837, 2006","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000227527.69766.43"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10) Piao R, Oku N, Kitagawa K, Imaizumi M, Matsushita K, Yoshikawa T, Takasawa M, Osaki Y, Kimura Y, Kajimoto K, Hori M, Hatazawa J: Cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in adult moyamoya disease: comparison of angiographic collateral circulation. Ann Nucl Med<\/i> 18: 115-121, 2004","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02985101"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11) Saito N, Nakagawara J, Nakamura H, Teramoto A: Assessment of cerebral hemodynamics in childhood moyamoya disease using a quantitative and a semiquantitative IMP-SPECT study. Ann Nucl Med<\/i> 18: 323-331, 2004","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02984471"},{"key":"86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12) So Y, Lee HY, Kim SK, Lee JS, Wang KC, Cho BK, Kang E, Lee DS: Prediction of the clinical outcome of pediatric moyamoya disease with postoperative basal\/acetazolamide stress brain perfusion SPECT after revascularization surgery. Stroke<\/i> 36: 1485-1489, 2005","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000170709.95185.b1"},{"key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13) Touho H, Karasawa J, Ohnishi H: Preoperative and postoperative evaluation of cerebral perfusion and vasodilatory capacity with 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT and acetazolamide in childhood Moyamoya disease. Stroke<\/i> 27: 282-289, 1996","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.27.2.282"},{"key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1) Choi JU, Kim DS, Kim EY, Lee KC: Natural history of moyamoya disease: comparison of activity of daily living in surgery and non surgery groups. Clin Neurol Neurosurg<\/i> 99 Suppl 2: S11-18, 1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(97)00033-4"},{"key":"89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2) Fujimura M, Kaneta T, Mugikura S, Shimizu H, Tominaga T: Temporary neurologic deterioration due to cerebral hyperperfusion after superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis in patients with adult-onset moyamoya disease. Surg Neurol<\/i> 67: 273-282, 2007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.07.017"},{"key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3) Honda M, Kitagawa N, Tsutsumi K, Morikawa M, Nagata I, Kaminogo M: Magnetic resonance angiography evaluation of external carotid artery tributaries in moyamoya disease. Surg Neurol<\/i> 64: 325-330, 2005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2004.12.020"},{"key":"91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4) Houkin K, Kuroda S, Nakayama N: Cerebral revascularization for moyamoya disease in children. Neurosurg Clin N Am<\/i> 12: 575-584, ix, 2001","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(18)30044-5"},{"key":"92","unstructured":"5) Houkin K, Nakayama N, Kuroda S, Ishikawa T, Nonaka T: How does angiogenesis develop in pediatric moyamoya disease after surgery? A prospective study with MR angiography. Childs Nerv Syst<\/i> 20: 734-741, 2004"},{"key":"93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6) Ikezaki K, Matsushima T, Kuwabara Y, Suzuki SO, Nomura T, Fukui M: Cerebral circulation and oxygen metabolism in childhood moyamoya disease: a perioperative positron emission tomography study. J Neurosurg<\/i> 81: 843-850, 1994","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.81.6.0843"},{"key":"94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7) Ishikawa T, Houkin K, Kamiyama H, Abe H: Effects of surgical revascularization on outcome of patients with pediatric moyamoya disease. Stroke<\/i> 28: 1170-1173, 1997","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.6.1170"},{"key":"95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8) Iwama T, Hashimoto N, Yonekawa Y: The relevance of hemodynamic factors to perioperative ischemic complications in childhood moyamoya disease. Neurosurgery<\/i> 38: 1120-1126, 1996","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199606000-00011"},{"key":"96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9) Kawaguchi T, Fujita S, Hosoda K, Shose Y, Hamano S, Iwakura M, Tamaki N: Multiple burr-hole operation for adult moyamoya disease. J Neurosurg<\/i> 84: 468-476, 1996","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1996.84.3.0468"},{"key":"97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10) Kuroda S, Houkin K, Kamiyama H, Abe H, Mitsumori K: Regional cerebral hemodynamics in childhood moyamoya disease. Childs Nerv Syst<\/i> 11: 584-590, 1995","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00300997"},{"key":"98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11) Matsushima T, Inoue T, Suzuki SO, Fujii K, Fukui M, Hasuo K: Surgical treatment of moyamoya disease in pediatric patients—comparison between the results of indirect and direct revascularization procedures. Neurosurgery<\/i> 31: 401-405, 1992","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199209000-00003"},{"key":"99","unstructured":"12) Matsushima Y, Aoyagi M, Nariai T, Takada Y, Wakimoto H, Ohki J, Akimoto H, Srivatanakul K, Hirakawa K: [Long-term prognosis of intelligence in childhood moyamoya patients evaluated by Wechsler tests: II. Childhood moyamoya patients who underwent encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis (EDAS) more than 10 years previously]. Shoni No Noshinkei<\/i> 21: 232-238, 1996 (Japanese)"},{"key":"100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13) Miyamoto S, Nagata I, Karasawa J, Kikuchi H, Akiyama Y, Nozaki K, Hashimoto N: [Surgical treatment for moyamoya disease. Long-term prognosis after direct bypass in moyamoya disease]. No Socchu No Geka<\/i> 28: 111-114, 2000 (Japanese)","DOI":"10.2335\/scs1987.28.2_111"},{"key":"101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14) Mizoi K, Kayama T, Yoshimoto T, Nagamine Y: Indirect revascularization for moyamoya disease: is there a beneficial effect for adult patients? Surg Neurol<\/i> 45: 541-549, 1996","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(95)00475-0"},{"key":"102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15) Morimoto M, Iwama T, Hashimoto N, Kojima A, Hayashida K: Efficacy of direct revascularization in adult Moyamoya disease: haemodynamic evaluation by positron emission tomography. Acta Neurochir (Wien)<\/i> 141: 377-384, 1999","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010050313"},{"key":"103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16) Scott RM, Smith JL, Robertson RL, Madsen JR, Soriano SG, Rockoff MA: Long-term outcome in children with moyamoya syndrome after cranial revascularization by pial synangiosis. J Neurosurg<\/i> 100: 142-149, 2004","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2004.100.2.0142"},{"key":"104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1) DeVeber G: In pursuit of evidence-based treatments for paediatric stroke: the UK and Chest guidelines. Lancet Neurol<\/i> 4: 432-436, 2005","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70120-4"},{"key":"105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2) Kikuta K, Takagi Y, Nozaki K, Hanakawa T, Okada T, Mikuni N, Miki Y, Fushmi Y, Yamamoto A, Yamada K, Fukuyama H, Hashimoto N: Asymptomatic microbleeds in moyamoya disease: T2*-weighted gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurosurg<\/i> 102: 470-475, 2005","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2005.102.3.0470"},{"key":"106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3) Kuroda S, Hashimoto N, Yoshimoto T, Iwasaki Y: Radiological findings, clinical course, and outcome in asymptomatic moyamoya disease: results of multicenter survey in Japan. Stroke<\/i> 38: 1430-1435, 2007","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.106.478297"},{"key":"107","unstructured":"4) Members of Subcommittee for Guidelines for Intravenous tPA (Alteplase) Therapy, Committee for Medical Improvement and Social Insurance Japan Stroke Society (Subcommittee Leader: Yamaguchi T): [Guidelines for proper treatment with intravenous tPA (alteplase) therapy. Oct. 2005]. Nosotchu<\/i> 27: 327-354, 2005 (Japanese)"},{"key":"108","unstructured":"5) Shinohara Y, Yoshimoto T, Fukuuchi Y, Ishigami S (eds<\/i>); Committee for Japanese Guidelines for the Management of Stroke: [Japanese Guidelines for the Management of Stroke 2004<\/i>]. Tokyo, Kyowa Kikaku, 2004 (Japanese)"},{"key":"109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6) Soman T, Rafay MF, Hune S, Allen A, MacGregor D, deVeber G: The risks and safety of clopidogrel in pediatric arterial ischemic stroke. Stroke<\/i> 37: 1120-1122, 2006","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000209620.44017.97"},{"key":"110","unstructured":"7) Toriyama T, Kageyama M, Kimura F, Yamada T, Ishibashi A: [Post-marketing surveillance on edaravone (Radicut Inj. 30 mg) for cerebral infarction in children]. Shonika Rinsho<\/i> 61: 155-164, 2008 (Japanese)"},{"key":"111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1) Aoki N: Cerebrovascular bypass surgery for the treatment of Moyamoya disease: unsatisfactory outcome in the patients presenting with intracranial hemorrhage. Surg Neurol<\/i> 40: 372-377, 1993","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(93)90215-M"},{"key":"112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2) Fujii K, Ikezaki K, Irikura K, Miyasaka Y, Fukui M: The efficacy of bypass surgery for the patients with hemorrhagic moyamoya disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg<\/i> 99 Suppl 2: S194-195, 1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(97)00078-4"},{"key":"113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3) Han DH, Kwon OK, Byun BJ, Choi BY, Choi CW, Choi JU, Choi SG, Doh JO, Han JW, Jung S, Kang SD, Kim DJ, Kim HI, Kim HD, Kim MC, Kim SC, Kim SC, Kim Y, Kwun BD, Lee BG, Lim YJ, Moon JG, Park HS, Shin MS, Song JH, Suk JS, Yim MB; Korean Society for Cerebrovascular Disease: A co-operative study: clinical characteristics of 334 Korean patients with moyamoya disease treated at neurosurgical institutes (1976-1994). The Korean Society for Cerebrovascular Disease. Acta Neurochir (Wien)<\/i> 142: 1263-1274, 2000","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010070024"},{"key":"114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4) Houkin K, Kamiyama H, Abe H, Takahashi A, Kuroda S: Surgical therapy for adult moyamoya disease. Can surgical revascularization prevent the recurrence of intracerebral hemorrhage? Stroke<\/i> 27: 1342-1346, 1996","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.27.8.1342"},{"key":"115","unstructured":"5) Karasawa J, Hosoi K, Morisako T: [Revascularization for hemorrhagic Moyamoya disease], in<\/i>: [Research Committee on Spontaneous Occlusion of the Circle of Willis (Moyamoya Disease) of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Annual Report 2000<\/i>]. 2001, pp 55-58 (Japanese)"},{"key":"116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6) Kawaguchi S, Okuno S, Sakaki T: Effect of direct arterial bypass on the prevention of future stroke in patients with the hemorrhagic variety of moyamoya disease. J Neurosurg<\/i> 93: 397-401, 2000","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.3.0397"},{"key":"117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7) Kobayashi E, Saeki N, Oishi H, Hirai S, Yamaura A: Long-term natural history of hemorrhagic moyamoya disease in 42 patients. J Neurosurg<\/i> 93: 976-980, 2000","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.6.0976"},{"key":"118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8) Kuroda S, Houkin K, Kamiyama H, Abe H: Effects of surgical revascularization on peripheral artery aneurysms in moyamoya disease: report of three cases. Neurosurgery<\/i> 49: 463-468, 2001","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-200108000-00039"},{"key":"119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9) Miyamoto S: Study design for a prospective randomized trial of extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery for adults with moyamoya disease and hemorrhagic onset—the Japan Adult Moyamoya Trial Group. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)<\/i> 44: 218-219, 2004","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.44.218"},{"key":"120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10) Miyamoto S, Akiyama Y, Nagata I, Karasawa J, Nozaki K, Hashimoto N, Kikuchi H: Long-term outcome after STA-MCA anastomosis for moyamoya disease. Neurosurg Focus<\/i> 5(5): e5, 1998","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.1998.5.5.8"},{"key":"121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11) Nakagawa I, Kawaguchi S, Iida J, Sakaki T: [Direct bypass of STA-MCA anastomosis prevents future stroke in patients with the hemorrhagic type of moyamoya disease]. No Socchu No Geka<\/i> 32: 416-420, 2004 (Japanese)","DOI":"10.2335\/scs.32.416"},{"key":"122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12) Suzuki S, Maeyama R, Nagatomi H, Kuromatsu C, Ito M, Matsunaga M, Matsuno H, Matsubara T, Kamikaseda K: [Surgical treatment for adult patients with moyamoya disease. With special reference to hemorrhagic type]. No Socchu No Geka<\/i> 20: 463-467, 1992 (Japanese)","DOI":"10.2335\/scs1987.20.6_463"},{"key":"123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13) Yoshida Y, Yoshimoto T, Shirane R, Sakurai Y: Clinical course, surgical management, and long-term outcome of moyamoya patients with rebleeding after an episode of intracerebral hemorrhage: An extensive follow-up study. Stroke<\/i> 30: 2272-2276, 1999","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.11.2272"},{"key":"124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1) Chiu D, Shedden P, Bratina P, Grotta JC: Clinical features of moyamoya disease in the United States. Stroke<\/i> 29: 1347-1351, 1998","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.29.7.1347"},{"key":"125","unstructured":"2) Ezura M, Yoshimoto T, Fujiwara S, Takahashi A: [Long-term follow-up of moyamoya disease (5 to 27 years)]. Shoni No Noshinkei<\/i> 18: 461-465, 1993 (Japanese)"},{"key":"126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3) Ezura M, Yoshimoto T, Fujiwara S, Takahashi A, Shirane R, Mizoi K: Clinical and angiographic follow-up of childhood-onset moyamoya disease. Childs Nerv Syst<\/i> 11: 591-594, 1995","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00300998"},{"key":"127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4) Fujii K, Ikezaki K, Irikura K, Miyasaka Y, Fukui M: The efficacy of bypass surgery for the patients with hemorrhagic moyamoya disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg<\/i> 99 Suppl 2: S194-195, 1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(97)00078-4"},{"key":"128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5) Golby AJ, Marks MP, Thompson RC, Steinberg GK: Direct and combined revascularization in pediatric moyamoya disease. Neurosurgery<\/i> 45: 50-60, 1999","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199907000-00013"},{"key":"129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6) Hallemeier CL, Rich KM, Grubb RL Jr, Chicoine MR, Moran CJ, Cross DT 3rd, Zipfel GJ, Dacey RG Jr, Derdeyn CP: Clinical features and outcome in North American adults with moyamoya phenomenon. Stroke<\/i> 37: 1490-1496, 2006","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000221787.70503.ca"},{"key":"130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7) Han DH, Kwon OK, Byun BJ, Choi BY, Choi CW, Choi JU, Choi SG, Doh JO, Han JW, Jung S, Kang SD, Kim DJ, Kim HI, Kim HD, Kim MC, Kim SC, Kim SC, Kim Y, Kwun BD, Lee BG, Lim YJ, Moon JG, Park HS, Shin MS, Song JH, Suk JS, Yim MB; Korean Society for Cerebrovascular Disease: A co-operative study: clinical characteristics of 334 Korean patients with moyamoya disease treated at neurosurgical institutes (1976-1994). The Korean Society for Cerebrovascular Disease. Acta Neurochir (Wien)<\/i> 142: 1263-1274, 2000","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010070024"},{"key":"131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8) Houkin K, Abe H, Yoshimoto T, Takahashi A: Is “unilateral” moyamoya disease different from moyamoya disease? J Neurosurg<\/i> 85: 772-776, 1996","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1996.85.5.0772"},{"key":"132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9) Houkin K, Ishikawa T, Yoshimoto T, Abe H: Direct and indirect revascularization for moyamoya disease surgical techniques and peri-operative complications. Clin Neurol Neurosurg<\/i> 99 Suppl 2: S142-145, 1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(97)00075-9"},{"key":"133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10) Ikezaki K, Inamura T, Kawano T, Fukui M: Clinical features of probable moyamoya disease in Japan. Clin Neurol Neurosurg<\/i> 99 Suppl 2: S173-177, 1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(97)00053-X"},{"key":"134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11) Imaizumi C, Imaizumi T, Osawa M, Fukuyama Y, Takeshita M: Serial intelligence test scores in pediatric moyamoya disease. Neuropediatrics<\/i> 30: 294-299, 1999","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-973508"},{"key":"135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12) Imaizumi T, Hayashi K, Saito K, Osawa M, Fukuyama Y: Long-term outcomes of pediatric moyamoya disease monitored to adulthood. Pediatr Neurol<\/i> 18: 321-325, 1998","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(97)00209-9"},{"key":"136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13) Irikura K, Miyasaka Y, Kurata A, Tanaka R, Fujii K, Yada K, Kan S: A source of haemorrhage in adult patients with moyamoya disease: the significance of tributaries from the choroidal artery. Acta Neurochir (Wien)<\/i> 138: 1282-1286, 1996","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01411056"},{"key":"137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14) Ishikawa T, Houkin K, Kamiyama H, Abe H: Effects of surgical revascularization on outcome of patients with pediatric moyamoya disease. Stroke<\/i> 28: 1170-1173, 1997","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.6.1170"},{"key":"138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15) Iwama T, Morimoto M, Hashimoto N, Goto Y, Todaka T, Sawada M: Mechanism of intracranial rebleeding in moyamoya disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg<\/i> 99 Suppl 2: S187-190, 1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(97)00080-2"},{"key":"139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16) Karasawa J, Touho H, Ohnishi H, Miyamoto S, Kikuchi H: Long-term follow-up study after extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery for anterior circulation ischemia in childhood moyamoya disease. J Neurosurg<\/i> 77: 84-89, 1992","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.77.1.0084"},{"key":"140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17) Kawano T, Fukui M, Hashimoto N, Yonekawa Y: Follow-up study of patients with “unilateral” moyamoya disease. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)<\/i> 34: 744-747, 1994","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.34.744"},{"key":"141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18) Kelly ME, Bell-Stephens TE, Marks MP, Do HM, Steinberg GK: Progression of unilateral moyamoya disease: A clinical series. Cerebrovasc Dis<\/i> 22: 109-115, 2006","DOI":"10.1159\/000093238"},{"key":"142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19) Kim DS, Yoo DS, Huh PW, Kang SG, Cho KS, Kim MC: Combined direct anastomosis and encephaloduroarteriogaleosynangiosis using inverted superficial temporal artery-galeal flap and superficial temporal artery-galeal pedicle in adult moyamoya disease. Surg Neurol<\/i> 66: 389-395, 2006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.02.047"},{"key":"143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20) Kim SK, Seol HJ, Cho BK, Hwang YS, Lee DS, Wang KC: Moyamoya disease among young patients: its aggressive clinical course and the role of active surgical treatment. Neurosurgery<\/i> 54: 840-846, 2004","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000114140.41509.14"},{"key":"144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21) Kobayashi E, Saeki N, Oishi H, Hirai S, Yamaura A: Long-term natural history of hemorrhagic moyamoya disease in 42 patients. J Neurosurg<\/i> 93: 976-980, 2000","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.6.0976"},{"key":"145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22) Kohno K, Nagato S, Oka Y, Ohue S, Nakagawa K, Ohta S, Kumon Y, Sakaki S: [Evaluation of long-term prognosis and cerebral blood flow in adult patients with moyamoya disease with and without vascular reconstructive surgery]. No Shinkei Geka Journal<\/i> 6: 456-463, 1997 (Japanese)","DOI":"10.7887\/jcns.6.456"},{"key":"146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23) Kohno K, Oka Y, Kohno S, Ohta S, Kumon Y, Sakaki S: Cerebral blood flow measurement as an indicator for an indirect revascularization procedure for adult patients with moyamoya disease. Neurosurgery<\/i> 42: 752-758, 1998","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199804000-00043"},{"key":"147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24) Komiyama M, Yasui T, Kitano S, Sakamoto H, Fujitani K, Matsuo S: Moyamoya disease and pregnancy: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery<\/i> 43: 360-369, 1998","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199808000-00114"},{"key":"148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25) Kuroda S, Hashimoto N, Yoshimoto T, Iwasaki Y: Radiological findings, clinical course, and outcome in asymptomatic moyamoya disease: results of multicenter survey in Japan. Stroke<\/i> 38: 1430-1435, 2007","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.106.478297"},{"key":"149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26) Kuroda S, Houkin K, Ishikawa T, Nakayama N, Nanba R, Kamiyama H, Nakagawa Y, Iwasaki Y, Abe H: [Overall outcome after surgical revascularization in childhood and adult moyamoya disease]. No Socchu No Geka<\/i> 30: 369-374, 2002 (Japanese)","DOI":"10.2335\/scs.30.369"},{"key":"150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27) Kuroda S, Houkin K, Ishikawa T, Takahashi A, Kamiyama H, Nakagawa Y, Abe H: [Long-term outcome after surgical revascularization in childhood moyamoya disease]. No Socchu No Geka<\/i> 28: 421-426, 2000 (Japanese)","DOI":"10.2335\/scs1987.28.6_421"},{"key":"151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28) Kuroda S, Houkin K, Kamiyama H, Abe H: Effects of surgical revascularization on peripheral artery aneurysms in moyamoya disease: report of three cases. Neurosurgery<\/i> 49: 463-468, 2001","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-200108000-00039"},{"key":"152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29) Kuroda S, Ishikawa T, Houkin K, Nanba R, Hokari M, Iwasaki Y: Incidence and clinical features of disease progression in adult moyamoya disease. Stroke<\/i> 36: 2148-2153, 2005","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000182256.32489.99"},{"key":"153","unstructured":"30) Kuroda S, Nanba R, Ishikawa T, Houkin K, Kamiyama H, Iwasaki Y: [Clinical manifestations of infantile moyamoya disease]. No Shinkei Geka<\/i> 31: 1073-1078, 2003 (Japanese)"},{"key":"154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31) Kurokawa T, Tomita S, Ueda K, Narazaki O, Hanai T, Hasuo K, Matsushima T, Kitamura K: Prognosis of occlusive disease of the circle of Willis (moyamoya disease) in children. Pediatr Neurol<\/i> 1: 274-277, 1985","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(85)90027-X"},{"key":"155","unstructured":"32) Matsushima Y, Aoyagi M, Nariai T, Nojiri T, Ohno K: [Headache in pediatric moyamoya patients: pre- and postoperative changes]. Shoni No Noshinkei<\/i> 25: 442-447, 2000 (Japanese)"},{"key":"156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33) Matsushima Y, Aoyagi M, Nariai T, Takada Y, Hirakawa K: Long-term intelligence outcome of post-encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis childhood moyamoya patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg<\/i> 99 Suppl 2: S147-150, 1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(97)00055-3"},{"key":"157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34) Miyamoto S, Akiyama Y, Nagata I, Karasawa J, Nozaki K, Hashimoto N, Kikuchi H: Long-term outcome after STA-MCA anastomosis for moyamoya disease. Neurosurg Focus<\/i> 5(5): e5, 1998","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.1998.5.5.8"},{"key":"158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35) Miyamoto S, Nagata I, Karasawa J, Kikuchi H, Akiyama Y, Nozaki K, Hashimoto N: [Long-term prognosis after direct bypass in moyamoya disease (〈Topics〉 Surgical treatment for moyamoya disease)]. No Socchu No Geka<\/i> 28: 111-114, 2000 (Japanese)","DOI":"10.2335\/scs1987.28.2_111"},{"key":"159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36) Morioka M, Hamada J, Todaka T, Yano S, Kai Y, Ushio Y: High-risk age for rebleeding in patients with hemorrhagic moyamoya disease: long-term follow-up study. Neurosurgery<\/i> 52: 1049-1055, 2003","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000058223.73857.F4"},{"key":"160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"37) Nagata S, Matsushima T, Morioka T, Matsukado K, Mihara F, Sasaki T, Fukui M: Unilaterally symptomatic moyamoya disease in children: long-term follow-up of 20 patients. Neurosurgery<\/i> 59: 830-837, 2006","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000227527.69766.43"},{"key":"161","unstructured":"38) Nanba R, Kuroda S, Takeda M, Shichinohe H, Nakayama N, Ishikawa T, Houkin K, Iwasaki Y: [Clinical features and outcomes of 10 asymptomatic adult patients with moyamoya disease]. No Shinkei Geka<\/i> 31: 1291-1295, 2003 (Japanese)"},{"key":"162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"39) Okada Y, Shima T, Nishida M, Yamane K, Yamada T, Yamanaka C: Effectiveness of superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis in adult moyamoya disease: cerebral hemodynamics and clinical course in ischemic and hemorrhagic varieties. Stroke<\/i> 29: 625-630, 1998","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.29.3.625"},{"key":"163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"40) Sainte-Rose C, Oliveira R, Puget S, Beni-Adani L, Boddaert N, Thorne J, Wray A, Zerah M, Bourgeois M: Multiple bur hole surgery for the treatment of moyamoya disease in children. J Neurosurg<\/i> 105: 437-443, 2006","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2006.105.6.437"},{"key":"164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41) Scott RM, Smith JL, Robertson RL, Madsen JR, Soriano SG, Rockoff MA: Long-term outcome in children with moyamoya syndrome after cranial revascularization by pial synangiosis. J Neurosurg<\/i> 100: 142-149, 2004","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2004.100.2.0142"},{"key":"165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"42) Seol HJ, Wang KC, Kim SK, Hwang YS, Kim KJ, Cho BK: Headache in pediatric moyamoya disease: review of 204 consecutive cases. J Neurosurg<\/i> 103: 439-442, 2005","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2005.103.5.0439"},{"key":"166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"43) Suzuki S, Maeyama R, Nagatomi H, Kuromatsu C, Ito M, Matsunaga M, Matsuno H, Matsubara T, Kamikaseda K: [Surgical treatment for adult patients with moyamoya disease. With special reference to hemorrhagic type]. No Socchu No Geka<\/i> 20: 463-467, 1992 (Japanese)","DOI":"10.2335\/scs1987.20.6_463"},{"key":"167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"44) Takahashi J, Ikeda T, Iihara K, Miyamaoto S: [A nationwide survey on pregnancy and delivery management in association with moyamoya disease (〈Special issue〉 Management of pregnancy and delivery in neurosurgical patients)]. No Shinkei Geka Journal<\/i> 18: 367-375, 2009 (Japanese)","DOI":"10.7887\/jcns.18.367"},{"key":"168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"45) Wanifuchi H, Takeshita M, Izawa M, Aoki N, Kagawa M: Management of adult moyamoya disease. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)<\/i> 33: 300-305, 1993","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.33.300"},{"key":"169","unstructured":"46) Yamada M, Fujii K, Fukui M: [Clinical features and outcomes in patients with asymptomatic moyamoya disease—from the results of nation-wide questionnaire survey]. No Shinkei Geka<\/i> 33: 337-342, 2005 (Japanese)"},{"key":"170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"47) Yoshida Y, Yoshimoto T, Shirane R, Sakurai Y: Clinical course, surgical management, and long-term outcome of moyamoya patients with rebleeding after an episode of intracerebral hemorrhage: An extensive follow-up study. Stroke<\/i> 30: 2272-2276, 1999","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.11.2272"}],"container-title":["Neurologia medico-chirurgica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/nmc\/52\/5\/52_2011-0017\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T08:10:26Z","timestamp":1621498226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/nmc\/52\/5\/52_2011-0017\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"references-count":170,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2176\/nmc.52.245","relation":{},"ISSN":["0470-8105","1349-8029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0470-8105","type":"print"},{"value":"1349-8029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}}}