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Chir.(Tokyo)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.st.2019-0177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]],"date-time":"2019-12-04T17:03:38Z","timestamp":1575479018000},"page":"449-491","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["Guidelines for Intravenous Thrombolysis (Recombinant Tissue-type Plasminogen Activator), the Third Edition, March 2019: A Guideline from the Japan Stroke Society"],"prefix":"10.2176","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Kazunori","family":"TOYODA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masatoshi","family":"KOGA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"IGUCHI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Jikei University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"ITABASHI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manabu","family":"INOUE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Stroke Care Unit, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasushi","family":"OKADA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuniaki","family":"OGASAWARA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Iwate Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"TSUJINO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Strokology, Nagasaki University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"HASEGAWA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taketo","family":"HATANO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kokura Memorial Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"YAMAGAMI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stroke Neurology, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"IWAMA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"SHIOKAWA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kyorin University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuo","family":"TERAYAMA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Institute, Shonan Keiiku Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"MINEMATSU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headquarters of the Iseikai Medical Corporation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"971","reference":[{"key":"1","unstructured":"1) Yamaguchi T, Mori E, Minematsu K, et al.: Alteplase at 0.6 mg\/kg for acute ischemic stroke within 3 hours of onset: Japan Alteplase Clinical Trial (J-ACT). <i>Stroke<\/i> 37: 1810\u20131815, 2006"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"2) Guideline Committee of the Japan Stroke Society for the intravenous rt-PA (alteplase) in acute ischemic stroke. <i>Jpn J Stroke<\/i> 27: 327\u2013354, 2005 (Japanese)"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"3) Minematsu K, Toyoda K, Hirano T, et al.: Guidelines for the intravenous application of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (alteplase), the second edition, October 2012: a guideline from the Japan Stroke Society. <i>J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis<\/i> 22: 571\u2013600, 2013"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"4) Guideline Committee of the Japan Stroke Society for the intravenous rt-PA (alteplase) in acute ischemic stroke. 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Kyowa Kikaku, Tokyo, 2017"},{"key":"8","unstructured":"8) Guyatt GH, Norris SL, Schulman S, et al.: Methodology for the development of antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis guidelines: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. <i>Chest<\/i> 141: 53S\u201370S, 2012"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9) National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group: Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. <i>N Engl J Med<\/i> 333: 1581\u20131587, 1995","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512143332401"},{"key":"10","unstructured":"10) Clark WM, Wissman S, Albers GW, Jhamandas JH, Madden KP, Hamilton S: Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (Alteplase) for ischemic stroke 3 to 5 hours after symptom onset. The ATLANTIS Study: a randomized controlled trial. Alteplase Thrombolysis for Acute Noninterventional Therapy in Ischemic Stroke. <i>JAMA<\/i> 282: 2019\u20132026, 1999"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11) Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C, et al.: Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute hemispheric stroke. The European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS). <i>JAMA<\/i> 274: 1017\u20131025, 1995","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.274.13.1017"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12) Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C, et al.: Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thrombolytic therapy with intravenous alteplase in acute ischaemic stroke (ECASS II). Second European-Australasian Acute Stroke Study Investigators. <i>Lancet<\/i> 352: 1245\u20131251, 1998","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)08020-9"},{"key":"13","unstructured":"13) Albers GW, Thijs VN, Wechsler L, et al.: Magnetic resonance imaging profiles predict clinical response to early reperfusion: the diffusion and perfusion imaging evaluation for understanding stroke evolution (DEFUSE) study. <i>Ann Neurol<\/i> 60: 508\u2013517, 2006"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14) Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, et al.: Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. <i>N Engl J Med<\/i> 359: 1317\u20131329, 2008","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0804656"},{"key":"15","unstructured":"15) Davis SM, Donnan GA, Parsons MW, et al.: Effects of alteplase beyond 3 h after stroke in the Echoplanar Imaging Thrombolytic Evaluation Trial (EPITHET): a placebo-controlled randomised trial. <i>Lancet Neurol<\/i> 7: 299\u2013309, 2008"},{"key":"16","unstructured":"16) IST-3 collaborative group, Sandercock P, Wardlaw JM, Lindley RI, et al.: The benefits and harms of intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator within 6 h of acute ischaemic stroke (the third international stroke trial [IST-3]): a randomised controlled trial. <i>Lancet<\/i> 379: 2352\u20132363, 2012"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17) Anderson CS, Robinson T, Lindley RI, et al.: Low-Dose versus Standard-Dose intravenous alteplase in acute ischemic stroke. <i>N Engl J Med<\/i> 374: 2313\u20132323, 2016","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1515510"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18) Thomalla G, Simonsen CZ, Boutitie F, et al.: MRI-Guided Thrombolysis for Stroke with Unknown Time of Onset. <i>N Engl J Med<\/i> 379: 611\u2013622, 2018","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1804355"},{"key":"19","unstructured":"19) Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al.: 2018 Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: A 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1984\u20131989, 2010"},{"key":"23","unstructured":"23) Toyoda K, Koga M, Naganuma M, et al.: Routine use of intravenous low-dose recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in Japanese patients: general outcomes and prognostic factors from the SAMURAI register. <i>Stroke<\/i> 40: 3591\u20133595, 2009"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24) Aoki J, Kimura K, Sakamoto Y: Early administration of tissue-plasminogen activator improves the long-term clinical outcome at 5years after onset. <i>J Neurol Sci<\/i> 362: 33\u201339, 2016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.01.018"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25) Aoki J, Kimura K, Morita N, et al.: YAMATO Study (Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator and Edaravone Combination Therapy). <i>Stroke<\/i> 48: 712\u2013719, 2017","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.015042"},{"key":"26","unstructured":"26) Wahlgren N, Ahmed N, D\u00e1valos A, et al.: Thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke in the Safe 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E6010 Study Group. <i>J Am Coll Cardiol<\/i> 29: 1447\u20131453, 1997"},{"key":"31","unstructured":"31) Logallo N, Novotny V, Assmus J, et al.: Tenecteplase versus alteplase for management of acute ischaemic stroke (NOR-TEST): a phase 3, randomised, open-label, blinded endpoint trial. <i>Lancet Neurol<\/i> 16: 781\u2013788, 2017"},{"key":"32","unstructured":"32) Campbell BCV, Mitchell PJ, Churilov L, et al.: Tenecteplase versus Alteplase before Thrombectomy for Ischemic Stroke. <i>N Engl J Med<\/i> 378: 1573\u20131582, 2018"},{"key":"33","unstructured":"33) von Kummer R, Mori E, Truelsen T, et al.: Desmoteplase 3 to 9 Hours After Major Artery Occlusion Stroke: The DIAS-4 Trial (Efficacy and Safety Study of Desmoteplase to Treat Acute Ischemic Stroke). <i>Stroke<\/i> 47: 2880\u20132887, 2016"},{"key":"34","unstructured":"34) Emberson J, Lees KR, Lyden P, et al.: Effect of treatment delay, age, and stroke severity on the effects of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase for acute 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transportation protocol improves clinical indicators of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator therapy: a community-based, longitudinal study. <i>J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis<\/i> 24: 183\u2013188, 2015"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"77) Vidale S, Agostoni E: Prehospital stroke scales and large vessel occlusion: A systematic review. <i>Acta Neurol Scand<\/i> 138: 24\u201331, 2018","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12908"},{"key":"78","unstructured":"78) Purrucker JC, H\u00e4rtig F, Richter H, et al.: Design and validation of a clinical scale for prehospital stroke recognition, severity grading and prediction of large vessel occlusion: the shortened NIH Stroke Scale for emergency medical services. <i>BMJ Open<\/i> 7: e016893, 2017"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"79) McKinney JS, Mylavarapu K, Lane J, Roberts V, Ohman-Strickland P, Merlin MA: Hospital prenotification of stroke patients by emergency medical services improves stroke time targets. <i>J 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