{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T21:23:19Z","timestamp":1773264199276,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,5]],"date-time":"2014-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409875200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":461,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bull. symb. log"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The construction of a systematic philosophical foundation for logic is a notoriously difficult problem. In Part One I suggest that the problem is in large part methodological, having to do with the common philosophical conception of \u201cproviding a foundation\u201d. I offer an alternative to the common methodology which combines a strong foundational requirement (veridical justification) with the use of non-traditional, holistic tools to achieve this result. In Part Two I delineate an outline of a foundation for logic, employing the new methodology. The outline is based on an investigation of why logic requires a veridical justification, i.e., a justification which involves the world and not just the mind, and what features or aspect of the world logic is grounded in. Logic, the investigation suggests, is grounded in the formal aspect of reality, and the outline proposes an account of this aspect, the way it both constrains and enables logic (gives rise to logical truths and consequences), logic's role in our overall system of knowledge, the relation between logic and mathematics, the normativity of logic, the characteristic traits of logic, and error and revision in logic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2178\/bsl.1902010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,16]],"date-time":"2013-05-16T15:08:25Z","timestamp":1368716905000},"page":"145-198","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The foundational problem of logic"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Gila","family":"Sher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref048","volume-title":"Philosophy of mathematics: Structure and ontology","author":"Shapiro","year":"1997"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref053","first-page":"152","volume-title":"The concept of truth in formalized languages","author":"Tarski","year":"1933"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref018","first-page":"137","volume":"8","author":"G\u00f3mez-Torrente","year":"2002","journal-title":"The problem of logical constants"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref015","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Logical investigations","author":"Frege","year":"1918"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199273669.001.0001"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2307\/2027134","article-title":"A philosophical letter of Alfred Tarski, presented by M. White","volume":"84","author":"Tarski","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref013","first-page":"1","volume-title":"From Frege to G\u00f6del: A source book in mathematical logic, 1879\u20131931","author":"Frege","year":"1879"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1305\/ndjfl\/1039096304","article-title":"Logic, logics, and logicism","volume":"40","author":"Feferman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref054","first-page":"401","volume-title":"The establishment of scientific semantics","author":"Tarski","year":"1936"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref032","unstructured":"MacFarlane J. [2000], What does it mean to say that logic is formal, PhD Dissertation, Pittsburgh."},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref006","volume-title":"Constructibility and mathematical existence","author":"Chihara","year":"1990"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref008","volume-title":"The concept of logical consequence","author":"Etchemendy","year":"1990"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref001","volume-title":"Model-theoretic logics","author":"Barwise","year":"1985"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref040","volume-title":"Quantifiers in language and logic","author":"Peters","year":"2006"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/00318108-111-1-25"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00265253"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref041","first-page":"20","volume-title":"From a logical point of view","author":"Quine","year":"1951"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref052","volume-title":"Alethic pluralism: Current debates","author":"Sher"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2026440"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674042605","volume-title":"A theory of justice","author":"Rawls","year":"1971"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref058","first-page":"115","volume":"62","author":"V\u00e4\u00e4nanen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bulletin of the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref045","volume-title":"Mathematics as a science of patterns","author":"Resnik","year":"1997"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref047","volume-title":"Foundations without foundationalism: A case for second-order logic","author":"Shapiro","year":"1991"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref042","volume-title":"Philosophy of logic","author":"Quine","year":"1970"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref049","volume-title":"The bounds of logic: A generalized viewpoint","author":"Sher","year":"1991"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/00294527-2010-002"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01445348608837096"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref023","volume-title":"Mathematics without numbers: Towards a modal-structural interpretation","author":"Hellman","year":"1989"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref017","author":"Glymour","year":"1980","journal-title":"Theory and evidence"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref025","volume-title":"Critique of pure reason","author":"Kant","year":"1781"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref002","unstructured":"Beck A. [2011], A general theory of formality. Dissertation, University of California at San Diego."},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref027","volume-title":"Coherentist theories of epistemic justification","author":"Kvanvig","year":"2007"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5758.001.0001","volume-title":"Rationality and logic","author":"Hanna","year":"2006"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1387\/theoria.422","article-title":"A characterization of logical constants is possible","volume":"18","author":"Sher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Theoria"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4843(70)80005-5"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref038","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Philosophical papers","author":"Neurath","year":"1932"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5938.001.0001","volume-title":"The revision theory of truth","author":"Gupta","year":"1993"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref012","volume-title":"Realism, mathematics and modality","author":"Field","year":"1989"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref016","volume-title":"Posthumous writings: Gottlob Frege","author":"Frege","year":"1979"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref029","volume-title":"Theory of knowledge","author":"Lehrer","year":"1990"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref055","volume-title":"Logic, semantics, metamathematics","author":"Tarski","year":"1983"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref004","volume-title":"The structure of empirical knowledge","author":"Bonjour","year":"1985"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref039","volume-title":"Mathematical thought and its objects","author":"Parsons","year":"2008"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:SYNT.0000004903.11236.91"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref028","volume-title":"Knowledge","author":"Lehrer","year":"1974"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref014","volume-title":"The basic laws of arithmetic: Exposition of the system","author":"Frege","year":"1893"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1968621"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref046","volume-title":"The principles of mathematics","author":"Russell","year":"1938"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4064\/fm-44-1-12-36","article-title":"On a generalization of quantifiers","volume":"44","author":"Mostowski","year":"1957","journal-title":"Fundamenta Mathematicae"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref060","volume-title":"Truth and truthfulness: An essay in genealogy","author":"Williams","year":"2002"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref061","volume-title":"Tractatus logico-philosophicus","author":"Wittgenstein","year":"1921"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref005","first-page":"29","volume":"14","author":"Bonnay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Logicality and invariance"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2998398"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref037","first-page":"158","volume-title":"Empiricism and sociology","author":"Neurath","year":"1921"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01445340.2011.555505"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-2567.1966.tb00600.x","article-title":"First order predicate logic with generalized quantifiers","volume":"32","author":"Lindstr\u00f6m","year":"1966","journal-title":"Theoria"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref059","first-page":"37","volume":"10","author":"V\u00e4\u00e4n\u00e4nen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Barwise: Abstract model theory and generalized quantifiers"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-2191-3_12"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref020","volume-title":"Evidence and inquiry","author":"Haack","year":"1993"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/00318108-110-2-241"},{"key":"S1079898600008842_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005223128130"}],"container-title":["The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1079898600008842","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T20:44:35Z","timestamp":1715373875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1079898600008842\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1079898600008842"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2178\/bsl.1902010","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-8986","1943-5894"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-8986","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5894","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}}}