{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:00:47Z","timestamp":1791892847771,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Japan Academy","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Ser. B: Physical and Biological Sciences","Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,3]]},"DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.94.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]],"date-time":"2018-08-02T22:21:02Z","timestamp":1533248462000},"page":"275-304","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Functions and dysfunctions of the basal ganglia in humans"],"prefix":"10.2183","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Nobuo","family":"YANAGISAWA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"All Japan Labour Welfare Foundation"},{"name":"Kanto Rosai Hospital"},{"name":"Shinshu University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"993","reference":[{"key":"1","unstructured":"1) Martin, P. (1967) The Basal Ganglia and Posture. Pitman Medical, London."},{"key":"2","unstructured":"2) Vogt, C. and Vogt, O. (1920) Zur Lehre der Erkrankungen des striaren Systems. J. Psychol. Neurol. (Lpz.) 25, 627\u2013846."},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3) Jakob, A. (1923) Die Extrapyramidalen Erkrankungen. Julius Springer, Berlin.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-90804-0"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"4) Denny-Brown, D. (1962) The Basal Ganglia and Their Relation to Disorders of Movement. Oxford University Press, London, pp. 1\u2013144."},{"key":"5","unstructured":"5) Denny-Brown, D. and Yanagisawa, N. (1976) The role of the basal ganglia in the initiation of movement. <i>In<\/i> The Basal Ganglia (ed. Yahr, M.D.). Raven Press, New York, pp. 115\u2013149."},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6) Carpenter, M.B., Whittier, J.R. and Mettler, F.A. (1950) Analysis of choreoid hyperkinesia in the rhesus monkey. Surgical and pharmacological analysis of hyperkinesia resulting from lesions of the subthalamic nucleus of Luys. J. Comp. Neurol. 92, 293\u2013331.","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.900920303"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.32.5.514","volume":"32","author":"C.D. Marsden","year":"1982","unstructured":"7) Marsden, C.D. (1982) The mysterious motor function of the basal ganglia: The Robert Wartenberg Lecture. Neurology 32, 514\u2013539.","journal-title":"Neurology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-3878","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"8","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"S.A.K. Wilson","year":"1925","unstructured":"8) Wilson, S.A.K. (1925) Disorders of motility and of muscle tone, with special reference to the corpus striatum. Lecture I. Lancet 2, 1\u201310.","journal-title":"The Lancet","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0140-6736","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9) Kemp, J.M. and Powell, T.P.S. (1970) The corticostriate projection in the monkey. Brain 93, 525\u2013546.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/93.3.525"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10) Yanagisawa, N. and Goto, A. (1971) Dystonia musculorum deformans. Analysis with electromyography. J. Neurol. Sci. 13, 39\u201365.","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(71)90206-1"},{"key":"11","unstructured":"11) Yanagisawa, N. and Hashimoto, T. (1992) Quantitation of involuntary movement with electromyography. <i>In<\/i> Parkinson\u2019s Disease and the Problems of the Clinical Trials (ed. Clifford Rose, F.). Smith-Gordon, London, pp. 131\u2013142."},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12) Evarts, E. (1966) Pyramidal tract activity associated with a conditioned hand movement in the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 29, 1011\u20131027.","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1966.29.6.1011"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13) DeLong, M.R., Georgopoulos, A.P. and Crutcher, M.D. (1983) Cortico-basal ganglia relations and coding of motor performance. Exp. Brain Res. 49 (Suppl. 7), 30\u201340.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-68915-4_3"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14) Alexander, G.E. and Crutcher, M.D. (1990) Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: neural substrates of parallel processing. Trends Neurosci. 13, 266\u2013271.","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90107-L"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15) Albin, R.L., Young, A.B. and Penney, J.B. (1989) The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trends Neurosci. 12, 366\u2013375.","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(89)90074-X"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16) DeLong, M.R. (1990) Primate models of movement disorders of basal ganglia origin. Trends Neurosci. 13, 281\u2013285.","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90110-V"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17) Bergman, H., Wichmann, T. and DeLong, M.R. (1990) Reversal of experimental parkinsonism by lesions of the subthalamic nucleus. Science 249, 1436\u20131438.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2402638"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18) Nambu, A., Tokuno, H. and Takada, M. (2002) Functional significance of the cortico-subthalamo-pallidal \u201chyperdirect\u201d pathway. Neurosci. Res. 43, 111\u2013117.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-0102(02)00027-5"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19) Bostan, A.C., Dum, R.P. and Strick, P.L. (2010) The basal ganglia communicate with the cerebellum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 8452\u20138456.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000496107"},{"key":"20","unstructured":"20) Jackson, J.H. (1868) Observations on the physiology and pathology of hemichorea. Edinb. Med. J. 14, 294\u2013303."},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21) Hunt, R. (1933) Primary paralysis agitans (primary atrophy of efferent striatal and pallidal systems). Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 30, 1332\u20131349.","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1933.02240180154013"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"22) Hoehn, M.M. and Yahr, M.D. (1967) Parkinsonism: onset, progression, and mortality. Neurology 17, 427\u2013442.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.17.5.427"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23) Yanagisawa, N. (1988) Educational lecture: Long-term therapy of Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Jap. Soc. Int. Med. 77, 1378\u20131382.","DOI":"10.2169\/naika.77.1378"},{"key":"24","unstructured":"24) Yanagisawa, N. (1984) EMG characteristics of involuntary movements. <i>In<\/i> Dyskinesias (eds. Bruyn, G.W., Buruma, O.J.S. and Roos, R.A.C.). Sandoz, B.V., Uden, pp. 142\u2013159."},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25) Yanagisawa, N. (1996) Historical review of research on functions of basal ganglia. Eur. Neurol. 36 (suppl. 1), 2\u20138.","DOI":"10.1159\/000118876"},{"key":"26","unstructured":"26) Yahikozawa, H., Hanyu, N., Yamamoto, K., Hashimoto, T., Shimozono, K., Nakagawa, S. (1994) Hemiballism with striatal hyperintensity on T1-weighed MRI in diabetic patients: a unique syndrome. J. Neurol. Sci. 124, 208\u2013214."},{"key":"27","unstructured":"27) Hashimoto, T. and Yanagisawa, N. (1994) A comparison of the regularity of involuntary muscle contractions in vascular chorea with that in Huntington\u2019s chorea, hemiballism and parkinsonian tremor. J. Neurol. Sci. 125, 87\u201394."},{"key":"28","unstructured":"28) Spielmeyer, W. (1926) Die anatomische Krankheitsforschung am Beispiel einer Huntingtonischen Chorea mit Wilsonischem Symptomenbild. Z. ges. Neurol. Psychiatr. 101, 710\u2013728."},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29) Yanagisawa, N. (1992) The spectrum of motor disorders in Huntington\u2019s disease. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 94 (suppl.), 182\u2013184.","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-8467(92)90064-A"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30) McGeer, E.G. and McGeer, P.L. (1973) Some brain characteristics of brain tyrosine hydroxylase. <i>In<\/i> New Concepts in Neurotransmitter Regulation (ed. Mandel, J.). Plenum, New York, London, pp. 53\u201368.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-4574-9_4"},{"key":"31","unstructured":"31) Segawa, M. and Nomura, Y. (1993) Hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation. Pathophysiological importance of the age of onset. <i>In<\/i> Advances in Neurology Vol. 60, Parkinson\u2019s Disease from Basic Research to Treatment (eds. Narabayashi, H., Nagatsu, T., Yanagisawa, N. and Mizuno, M.). Raven Press, New York, pp. 568\u2013576."},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32) Albin, R.L., Reiner, A., Anderson, K.D., Penney, J.B. and Young, A.B. (1990) Striatal and nigral neuron subpopulations in rigid Huntington\u2019s disease: implications for the functional anatomy of chorea and rigidity-akinesia. Ann. Neurol. 27, 357\u2013365.","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270403"},{"key":"33","unstructured":"33) Richter, R. (1945) Degeneration of the basal ganglia in monkeys from chronic carbondisulfide poisoning. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 4, 324\u2013353."},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34) Yanagisawa, N., Shiraki, H., Minakawa, M. and Narabayashi, H. (1966) Clinico-pathological and histochemical studies of Hallervorden-Spatz disease with torsion dystonia with special reference to diagnostic criteria of the disease from the clinic-pathological viewpoint. <i>In<\/i> Progress in Brain Research 21B, Correlative Neurosciences (eds. Tokizane, T. and Schade J.P.). Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 373\u2013425.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)64238-7"},{"key":"35","unstructured":"35) Yanagisawa, N. (2006) Functions and dysfunctions of the basal ganglia. <i>In<\/i> Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Clinical Issues (ed. Yamamoto, M.). Chuugai-Igakusha, Tokyo, pp. 2\u201327."},{"key":"36","unstructured":"36) Oppenheim, H. (1911) Uber eine eigenartige Krampfkrankheit des kindlichen und jugentlichen Alters (Dysbasia lordotica progressiva, dystonia musculorum deformans). Neurol. Cbl. 30, 1090\u20131107."},{"key":"37","unstructured":"37) Fahn, S., Marsden, C.D. and Calne, D.B. (1987) Classification and investigation of dystonia. <i>In<\/i> Movement Disorders II (eds. Marsden, C.D. and Fahn, S.). Butterworths, London, pp. 332\u2013358."},{"key":"38","unstructured":"38) Zeman, W. and Dyken, P. (1967) Dystonia musculorum deformans. Clinical, genetic and pathoanatomical studies. Psychiatr. Neurol. Neurochir. 70, 77\u2013121."},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"39) Eidelberg, D. (2003) Brain networks and clinical penetrance: lessons from hyperkinetic movement disorders. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 16, 471\u2013474.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000084224.82329.75"},{"key":"40","unstructured":"40) Yanagisawa, N., Hayashi, R. and Mitoma, H. (2001) Pathophysiology of frozen gait in parkinsonism. <i>In<\/i> Advances in Neurology Vol. 87, Gait Disorders (eds. Ruzicka, E., Hallett, M. and Jankovic J.). Lippincott, Williams &amp; Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp. 199\u2013207."},{"key":"41","unstructured":"41) Yanagisawa, N., Fujimoto, S. and Ueno, E. (1985) Neurophysiological aspects of Parkinson\u2019s disease. <i>In<\/i> Current Problems in Treatment of Parkinson\u2019s Disease (eds. Kuroiwa, Y. and Toyokura, Y.). DMW, Tokyo, pp. 13\u201322."},{"key":"42","unstructured":"42) Gerstmann, J. and Schilder, P. (1926) Uber eine besondere Gangstorung bei Stirnhirnerkrankung. Wien. Med. Wochenschr. 76, 97\u2013102."},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"43) Denny-Brown, D. (1958) The nature of apraxia. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 126, 9\u201333.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-195801000-00003"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"44) Takami, M. and Fukui, K. (1987) Force-plate study of normal walking. Rehabil. Med. 24, 93\u2013101.","DOI":"10.2490\/jjrm1963.24.93"},{"key":"45","unstructured":"45) Ueno, E. (1989) Clinical and physiological study of apraxia of gait and frozen gait. Clin. Neurol. 29, 275\u2013283."},{"key":"46","unstructured":"46) Yanagisawa, N., Ueno, E. and Takami, M. (1991) Frozen gait of Parkinson\u2019s disease and vascular parkinsonism \u2014 A study with floor reaction forces and EMG. <i>In<\/i> Neurobiological Basis of Human Locomotion (eds. Shimamura, M., Grillner, S. and Edgarton, V.R.). Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, pp. 291\u2013304."},{"key":"47","unstructured":"47) Ueno, E., Yanagisawa, N. and Takami, M. (1993) Gait disorders in parkinsonism. <i>In<\/i> Advances in Neurology Vol. 60, Parkinson\u2019s Disease from Basic Research to Treatment (eds. Narabayashi, H., Nagatu, T., Yanagisawa, N. and Mizuno, Y.). Raven Press, New York, pp. 414\u2013418."},{"key":"48","unstructured":"48) Narabayashi, H., Imai, H., Yokochi, M., Hirayama, K. and Nakamura, R. (1976) Cases of pure akinesia without rigidity and tremor and with no effects by L-dopa therapy. <i>In<\/i> Advances in Parkinsonism (eds. Birkmayer, W. and Hornykiewicz, O.). Roche, Basle, pp. 335\u2013342."},{"key":"49","unstructured":"49) Sacks, O. (1973) Awakenings, Wilie, U.K."},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"50) Schmidt, R.A., Sherwood, D.E. and Walter, C.B. (1988) Rapid movements with reversals in direction: 1. The control of movement time. Exp. Brain Res. 69, 344\u2013354.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00247579"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"51) Yanagisawa, N., Fujimoto, S. and Tamaru, F. (1989) Bradykinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Disorders of onset and execution of fast movement. Eur. Neurol. 29 (suppl. 1), 19\u201328.","DOI":"10.1159\/000116449"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"52) White, O.B., Saint-Cyr, J.A., Tomlinson, D. and Sharpe, J.A. (1983) Ocular motor deficits in Parkinson\u2019s disease: II Control of the saccadic and smooth pursuit systems. Brain 106, 571\u2013587.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/106.3.571"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"53) Warabi, T., Yanagisawa, N. and Shindo, R. (1988) Changes in strategy of aiming tasks in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 111, 497\u2013505.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/111.3.497"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"54) Benecke, R., Rothwell, J.C., Dick, J.P.R., Day, B.L. and Marsden, C.D. (1987) Disturbance of sequential movements in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 110, 361\u2013379.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/110.2.361"},{"key":"55","unstructured":"55) Warabi, T., Fukushima, K. and Olley, P.M. (2012) New insights into the mechanism of slowing of voluntary movements in Parkinson\u2019s disease. <i>In<\/i> Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis (eds. Yoshida, C. and Ito, A.). Nova Science, New York, pp. 67\u201397."},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"56) Freund, H.-J. (1989) Motor dysfunctions in Parkinson\u2019s disease and premotor lesions. Eur. Neurol. 29 (suppl. 1), 33\u201337.","DOI":"10.1159\/000116451"},{"key":"57","unstructured":"57) Luria, A.R. (1969) Frontal lobe syndromes. <i>In<\/i> Handbook of Clinical Neurology (eds. Vinken, R.J. and Bruyn, G.W.). Vol. 2, North Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 725\u2013757."},{"key":"58","unstructured":"58) Damasio, A. (1979) The frontal lobes. <i>In<\/i> Clinical Neuropsychology (eds. Heilman, E.M. and Valenstein, E.). Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 360\u2013412."},{"key":"59","unstructured":"59) Bodis-Wollner, I. and Tagliati, M. (1993) The visual system in Parkinson\u2019s disease. <i>In<\/i> Advances in Neurology Vol. 60, Parkinson\u2019s Disease from Basic Research to Treatment (eds. Narabayashi, H., Nagatsu, T., Yanagisawa, N. and Mizuno, Y.). pp. 390\u2013394."},{"key":"60","unstructured":"60) Abe, Y., Kachi, T., Kato, T., Arahata, Y., Yamada, T., Washimi, Y. (2003) Occipital hypoperfusion in Parkinson\u2019s disease without dementia: correlation to impaired cortical visual processing. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 74, 419\u2013422."},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"61) Yanagisawa, N. (2006) Natural history of Parkinson\u2019s disease: From dopamine to multiple system involvement. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 12 (suppl. 1), 40\u201346.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2006.05.011"},{"key":"62","unstructured":"62) Magladery, J.W., Porter, W.E., Park, A.M. and Teasdall, R.D. (1951) Electrophysiological studies of nerve and reflex activity in normal man. IV. The two-neuron reflex and identification of certain action potentials from spinal roots and cord. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 88, 499\u2013519."},{"key":"63","unstructured":"63) Rene Descartes (1649) \u201cPassion of the Soul\u201d."},{"key":"64","unstructured":"64) Sherrington, C.S. (1906) The Integrative Action of the Nervous System, Yale University Press, New Haven."},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"65) Lloyd, D.P.C. (1946) Integrative pattern of excitation and inhibition in two-neuron reflex arcs. J. Neurophysiol. 9, 439\u2013444.","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1946.9.6.439"},{"key":"66","unstructured":"66) Laporte, Y. and Lloyd, D.P.C. (1952) Nature and significance of the reflex connection established by large afferent fibers of muscle origin. Am. J. Physiol. 169, 609\u2013621."},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"67) Lundberg, A. and Voorhoeve, P.E. (1962) Effects from the pyramidal tract on spinal reflex arcs. Acta Physiol. Scand. 56, 201\u2013219.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1962.tb02497.x"},{"key":"68","unstructured":"68) Hultborn, H. (1972) Convergence on interneurons in the reciprocal Ia inhibitory pathway to motoneurones. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 375, 1\u201342."},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"69) Mizuno, Y., Tanaka, R. and Yanagisawa, N. (1971) Reciprocal group I inhibition on triceps surae motoneurons in man. J. Neurophysiol. 34, 1010\u20131017.","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1971.34.6.1010"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"70) Yanagisawa, N., Tanaka, R. and Ito, Z. (1976) Reciprocal Ia inhibition in spastic hemiplegia of man. Brain 99, 555\u2013574.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/99.3.555"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"71) Shindo, M., Yanagawa, S., Morita, H. and Yanagisawa, N. (1995) Increase in reciprocal Ia inhibition during antagonist contraction in the human leg: a study of motor units and the H reflex. J. Physiol. 489, 275\u2013285.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1995.sp021049"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"72) Shindo, M., Yanagawa, S., Morita, H. and Hashimoto, T. (1994) Conditioning effect in single human motoneurones: a new method using the unitary H reflex. J. Physiol. 481, 469\u2013477.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1994.sp020455"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"73) Morita, H., Shindo, M., Ikeda, S. and Yanagisawa, N. (2000) Decrease in presynaptic inhibition on heteronymous monosynaptic Ia terminals in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 15, 830\u2013834.","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200009)15:5<830::AID-MDS1011>3.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"74) Morita, H., Shindo, M., Morita, S., Hashimoto, T., Tada, T. and Ikeda, S. (2002) Abnormal conditioning effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on soleus H-reflex during voluntary movement in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Clin. Neurophysiol. 113, 1316\u20131324.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00188-8"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"75) Morita, H., Crone, C., Christenhuis, D., Petersen, N.T. and Nielsen, J.B. (2001) Modulation of presynaptic inhibition and disynaptic reciprocal Ia inhibition during voluntary movement in spasticity. Brain 124, 826\u2013837.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.4.826"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"76) Morita, M., Shindo, M., Momoi, H., Yanagawa, S., Ikeda, S. and Yanagisawa, N. (2006) Lack of modulation of Ib inhibition during antagonist contraction in spasticity. Neurology 67, 52\u201356.","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000223399.59212.f4"},{"key":"77","unstructured":"77) Morita, M., Shindo, M., Yanagawa, S., Yoshida, T., Momoi, H. and Yanagisawa, N. (1995) Progressive decrease in heteronymous monosynaptic Ia facilitation with human ageing. Exp. Brain Res. 104, 167\u2013170."},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"78) Petersen, N., Morita, H. and Nielsen, J. (1999) Modulation of reciprocal inhibition between ankle extensors and flexors during walking in man. J. Physiol. 520, 605\u2013619.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1999.00605.x"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"79) Powell, T.P.S. and Cowan, W.H. (1956) A study of thalamo-striate neurons in the monkey. Brain 79, 364\u2013390.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/79.2.364"},{"key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"80) Chevalier, G. and Deniau, J.M. (1990) Disinhibition as a basic process in the expression of striatal functions. Trends Neurosci. 13, 277\u2013280.","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90109-N"},{"key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"81) Hore, J., Meyer-Lohman, J. and Brooks, V.B. (1977) Basal ganglia cooling disables learned arm movements of monkeys in the absence of visual guidance. Science 195, 584\u2013586.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.402029"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"82) Rizzolatti, G., Camarda, R., Fogassi, L., Gentilucci, M., Luppino, G. and Matelli, M. (1988) Functional organization of inferior area 6 in the macaque monkey. II. Area F5 and the control of distal movements. Exp. Brain Res. 71, 491\u2013507.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00248742"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/pjab\/94\/7\/94_PJA9407B-02\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T19:33:50Z","timestamp":1571686430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/pjab\/94\/7\/94_PJA9407B-02\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,3]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2183\/pjab.94.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["0386-2208","1349-2896"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0386-2208","type":"print"},{"value":"1349-2896","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,3]]}}}