{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T03:45:56Z","timestamp":1790394356508,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Japan Academy","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Ser. B: Physical and Biological Sciences","Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,8]]},"DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.95.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]],"date-time":"2019-02-07T22:37:44Z","timestamp":1549579064000},"page":"53-66","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Coronary artery spasm \u2014 Clinical features, pathogenesis and treatment \u2014"],"prefix":"10.2183","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Hirofumi","family":"YASUE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kumamoto Kinoh Hospital, Kumamoto Aging Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"MIZUNO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kumamoto Kinoh Hospital, Kumamoto Aging Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eisaku","family":"HARADA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kumamoto Kinoh Hospital, Kumamoto Aging Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"993","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.46.6.1037","volume":"46","author":"C.K. Friedberg","year":"1972","unstructured":"1) Friedberg, C.K. (1972) Some comments and reflections on changing interests and new developments in angina pectoris. Circulation 46, 1037\u20131047.","journal-title":"Circulation","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0009-7322","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"2) Parker, J.O. (1987) Nitrate therapy in stable angina pectoris. N. Engl. J. Med. 316, 1635\u20131636."},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3) Prinzmetal, M., Kennamer, R., Merlis, R., Wada, T. and Bor, N. (1959) Angina pectoris. 1. A variant form of angina pectoris. Am. J. Med. 27, 375\u2013388.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(59)90003-8"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"4) Yasue, H., Touyama, M., Shimamoto, M., Kato, H. and Tanaka, S. (1974) Role of autonomic nervous system in the pathogenesis of Prinzmetal\u2019s variant form of angina. Circulation 50, 534\u2013539.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.50.3.534"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5) Yasue, H., Touyama, M., Kato, H., Tanaka, S. and Akiyama, F. (1976) Prinzmetal\u2019s variant form of angina as a manifestation of alpha-adrenergic receptor-mediated coronary artery spasm: Documentation by coronary arteriography. Am. Heart J. 91, 148\u2013155.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(76)80568-6"},{"key":"6","unstructured":"6) Endo, M., Hirosawa, K., Kaneko, N., Hase, K. and Inoue, Y. (1976) Prinzmetal\u2019s variant angina. Coronary arteriogram and left ventriculogram during angina attack induced by methacholine. N. Engl. J. Med. 294, 252\u2013255."},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7) Yasue, H., Omote, S., Takizawa, A., Nagao, M., Miwa, K. and Tanaka, S. (1979) Exertional angina pectoris caused by coronary arterial spasm: Effects of various drugs. Am. J. Cardiol. 43, 647\u2013652.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(79)90026-2"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"8) Yasue, H., Nagao, M., Omote, S., Takizawa, A., Miwa, K. and Tanaka, S. (1978) Coronary arterial spasm and Prinzmetal\u2019s variant form of angina induced by hyperventilation and Tris-buffer infusion. Circulation 58, 56\u201362.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.58.1.56"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"9) Yasue, H., Omote, S., Takizawa, A., Takizawa, A., Nagao, M., Miwa, K. (1979) Circadian variation of exercise capacity in patients with Prinzmetal\u2019s variant angina: Role of exercise-induced coronary arterial spasm. Circulation 59, 938\u2013948.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.59.5.938"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10) Yasue, H., Omote, S., Takizawa, A., Masao, N., Hyon, H., Nishida, S. (1981) Comparison of coronary arteriographic findings during angina pectoris associated with ST elevation or depression. Am. J. Cardiol. 47, 539\u2013546.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(81)90536-1"},{"key":"11","unstructured":"11) Maseri, A., Severi, S., Nes, M.D., L\u2019Abbate, A., Chierchia, S., Marzilli, M. (1978) \u201cVariant\u201d angina: One aspect of a continuous spectrum of vasospastic myocardial ischemia: Pathogenetic mechanisms, estimated incidence and clinical and coronary arteriographic findings in 138 patients. Am. J. Cardiol. 42, 1019\u20131035."},{"key":"12","unstructured":"12) Yasue, H., Omote, S., Takizawa, A. and Nagao, M. (1983) Coronary arterial spasm in ischemic heart disease and its pathogenesis. A review. Circ. Res. 52, I147\u2013I152."},{"key":"13","unstructured":"13) Yasue, H. and Kugiyama, K. (1997) Coronary artery spasm: Clinical features and pathogenesis. Intern. Med. 36, 760\u2013765."},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14) Yasue, H., Nakagawa, H., Itoh, T., Harada, E. and Mizuno, Y. (2008) Coronary artery spasm \u2014 Clinical features, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment. J. Cardiol. 51, 2\u201317.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2008.01.001"},{"key":"15","unstructured":"15) Maseri, A., Beltrame, J.F. and Shimokawa, H. (2009) Role of coronary vasoconstriction in ischemic heart disease and search for novel therapeutic targets. Circ. J. 73, 394\u2013403."},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16) JCS Joint Working Group. (2014) Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of patients with vasospastic angina (Coronary Spastic Angina) (JCS 2013). Circ. J. 78, 2779\u20132801.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-66-0098"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.81.6.1983","volume":"81","author":"A. Maseri","year":"1990","unstructured":"17) Maseri, A., Davies, G., Hackett, D. and Kaski, J.C. (1990) Coronary artery spasm and vasoconstriction. The case for a distinction. Circulation 81, 1983\u20131991.","journal-title":"Circulation","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0009-7322","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"18","unstructured":"18) Yasue, H., Sasayama, S., Kikuchi, K., Okumura, K., Matsubara, T., Miwa, K. <i>et al.<\/i> (2000) The study on the role of CAS in ischemic heart disease. <i>In<\/i> Annual Report of the Research on Cardiovascular Diseases 2000, National Cardiovascular Center, Osaka. pp. 96\u201397 (in Japanese)."},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19) Pristipino, C., Beltrame, J.F., Finocchiaro, M.L., Hattori, R., Fujita, M., Mongiardo, R. (2001) Major racial differences in coronary constrictor response between Japanese and Caucasians with recent myocardial infarction. Circulation 101, 1102\u20131108.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.10.1102"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"20) Sueda, S., Kohno, H., Fukuda, H. and Uraoka, T. (2003) Did the widespread use of long-acting calcium antagonists decrease the occurrence of variant angina? Chest 124, 2074\u20132078.","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.124.6.2074"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21) Japanese \u03b2-Blockers and Calcium Antagonists Myocardial Infarction (JBCMI) Investigators. (2004) Comparison of the effects of beta blockers and calcium antagonists on cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction in Japanese subjects. Am. J. Cardiol. 93, 969\u2013973.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2004.01.006"},{"key":"22","unstructured":"22) Nakagawa, H., Morikawa, Y., Mizuno, Y., Harada, E., Ito, T., Matsui, K. (2009) CAS preferentially occurs at branch points: An angiographic comparison with atherosclerotic plaque. Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv. 2, 97\u2013104."},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"23) Okumura, K., Yasue, H., Horio, Y., Takaoka, K., Matsuyama, K., Kugiyama, K. (1988) Multivessel CAS in patients with variant angina: A study with intracoronary injection of acetylcholine. Circulation 77, 535\u2013542.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.77.3.535"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24) Fujii, H., Yasue, H., Okumura, K., Matsuyama, K., Morikami, Y., Miyagi, H. (1988) Hyperventilation-induced simultaneous multivessel coronary spasm in patients with variant angina: An echocardiographic and arteriographic study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 12, 1184\u20131192.","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(88)92598-3"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25) Muller, J.E., Stone, P.H., Turi, Z.G., Rutherford, J.D., Czeisler, C.A., Parker, C. (1985) Circadian variation in the frequency of onset of acute myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 313, 1315\u20131322.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198511213132103"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"26) Yasue, H., Horio, Y., Nakamura, N., Fujii, H., Imoto, N., Sonoda, R. (1986) Induction of coronary artery spasm by acetylcholine in patients with variant angina: Possible role of the parasympathetic nervous system in the pathogenesis of coronary artery spasm. Circulation 74, 955\u2013963.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.74.5.955"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27) Yeung, A.C., Vekshtein, V.I., Krantz, D.S., Vita, J.A., Ryan, T.J. Jr., Ganz, P. (1991) The effect of atherosclerosis on the vasomotor response of coronary arteries to mental stress. N. Engl. J. Med. 325, 1551\u20131556.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199111283252205"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"28) Raizner, A.E., Chahine, R.A., Ishimori, T., Verani, M.S., Zacca, N., Jamal, N. (1980) Provocation of coronary artery spasm by the cold pressor test. Hemodynamic, arteriographic and quantitative angiographic observations. Circulation 62, 925\u2013935.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.62.5.925"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29) Nakao, K., Ohgushi, M., Yoshimura, M., Morooka, K., Okumura, K., Ogawa, H. (1997) Hyperventilation as a specific test for diagnosis of coronary artery spasm. Am. J. Cardiol. 80, 545\u2013549.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(97)00419-0"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"30) Miyagi, H., Yasue, H., Okumura, K., Ogawa, H., Goto, K. and Oshima, S. (1989) Effect of magnesium on anginal attack induced by hyperventilation in patients with variant angina. Circulation 79, 597\u2013602.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.79.3.597"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31) Goto, K., Yasue, H., Okumura, K., Matsuyama, K., Kugiyama, K., Miyagi, H. (1990) Magnesium deficiency detected by intravenous loading test in variant angina pectoris. Am. J. Cardiol. 65, 709\u2013712.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(90)91375-G"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32) Takizawa, A., Yasue, H., Omote, S., Nagao, M., Hyon, H., Nishida, S. (1984) Variant angina induced by alcohol ingestion. Am. Heart J. 107, 25\u201327.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(84)90128-5"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33) Miwa, K., Igawa, A., Miyagi, Y. and Fujita, M. (1994) Importance of magnesium deficiency in alcohol-induced variant angina. Am. J. Cardiol. 73, 813\u2013816.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(94)90886-9"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34) Libby, P., Bornfeldt, K.E. and Tall, A.R. (2016) Atherosclerosis: Successes, surprises, and future challenges. Circ. Res. 118, 531\u2013534.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308334"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35) Morita, S., Mizuno, Y., Harada, E., Nakagawa, H., Morikawa, Y., Saito, Y. (2014) Differences and interactions between risk factors for coronary spasm and atherosclerosis \u2014 Smoking, aging, inflammation, and blood pressure. Intern. Med. 53, 2663\u20132670.","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.53.2705"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36) Rubanyi, G.M. (1993) The role of endothelium in cardiovascular homeostasis and diseases. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 22, 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199322004-00002"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/288373a0","volume":"288","author":"R.F. Furchgott","year":"1980","unstructured":"37) Furchgott, R.F. and Zawadzki, J.V. (1980) The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature 288, 373\u2013376.","journal-title":"Nature Cell Biology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-0836","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"38","unstructured":"38) Moncada, S., Palmer, R.M. and Higgs, E.A. (1991) Nitric oxide: Physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol. Rev. 43, 109\u2013142."},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"39) Yasue, H., Matsuyama, K., Matsuyama, K., Okumura, K., Morikami, Y. and Ogawa, H. (1990) Responses of angiographically normal human coronary arteries to intracoronary injection of acetylcholine by age and segment. Possible role of early coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 81, 482\u2013490.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.81.2.482"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"40) Okumura, K., Yasue, H., Matsuyama, K., Ogawa, H., Kugiyama, K., Ishizaka, H. (1996) Diffuse disorder of coronary artery vasomotility in patients with coronary spastic angina. Hyperreactivity to the constrictor effects of acetylcholine and the dilator effects of nitroglycerin. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 27, 45\u201352.","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(95)00432-7"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41) Kugiyama, K., Ohgushi, M., Sugiyama, S., Motoyama, T., Kawano, H., Hirashima, O. (1997) Supersensitive dilator response to nitroglycerin but not to atrial natriuretic peptide in spastic coronary arteries in coronary spastic angina. Am. J. Cardiol. 79, 606\u2013610.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(96)00824-7"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"42) Kugiyama, K., Yasue, H., Okumura, K., Ogawa, H., Fujimoto, K., Nakao, K. (1996) Nitric oxide activity is deficient in spasm arteries of patients with coronary spastic angina. Circulation 94, 266\u2013271.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.3.266"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"43) Boulanger, C. and L\u00fcscher, T.F. (1990) Release of endothelin from the porcine aorta. Inhibition by endothelium-derived nitric oxide. J. Clin. Invest. 85, 587\u2013590.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114477"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"44) Takemoto, M., Egashira, K., Usui, M., Numaguchi, K., Tomita, H., Tsutsui, H. (1997) Important role of tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in the pathogenesis of coronary vascular and myocardial structural changes induced by long-term blockade of nitric oxide synthesis in rats. J. Clin. Invest. 99, 278\u2013287.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119156"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"45) Suzuki, H., Kawai, S., Aizawa, T., Kato, K., Sunayama, S., Okada, R. (1999) Histological evaluation of coronary plaque in patients with variant angina: Relationship between vasospasm and neointimal hyperplasia in primary coronary lesions. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 33, 198\u2013205.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00520-8"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"46) Miyao, Y., Kugiyama, K., Kawano, H., Motoyama, T., Ogawa, H., Yoshimura, M. (2000) Diffuse intimal thickening of coronary arteries in patients with coronary spastic angina. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 36, 432\u2013437.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00729-4"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"47) Kawano, H., Motoyama, T., Hirai, N., Kugiyama, K., Ogawa, H. and Yasue, H. (2001) Estradiol supplementation suppresses hyperventilation-induced attacks in postmenopausal women with variant angina. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 37, 735\u2013740.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)01187-6"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"48) Kawano, H., Motoyama, T., Ohgushi, M., Kugiyama, K., Ogawa, H. and Yasue, H. (2001) Menstrual cyclic variation of myocardial ischemia in premenopausal women with variant angina. Ann. Intern. Med. 135, 977\u2013981.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-135-11-200112040-00009"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"49) Yoshimura, M., Yasue, H., Nakayama, M., Shimasaki, Y., Sumida, H., Sugiyama, S. (1998) A missense Glu298Asp variant in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene is associated with CAS in the Japanese. Human Genet. 103, 65\u201369.","DOI":"10.1007\/s004390050785"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"50) Nakayama, M., Yasue, H., Yoshimura, M., Shimasaki, Y., Kugiyama, K., Ogawa, H. (1999) T<sup>\u2212786<\/sup>\u2192C mutation in the 5\u2032-flanking region of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene is associated with CAS. Circulation 99, 2864\u20132870.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.22.2864"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"51) Liu, D., Jiang, Z., Dai, L., Zhang, X., Yan, C. and Han, Y. (2014) Association between the - 786T&gt;C 1polymorphism in the promoter region of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and risk of coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gene 545, 175\u2013183.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2013.09.099"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"52) Kugiyama, K., Motoyama, T., Hirashima, O., Ohgushi, M., Soejima, H., Misumi, K. (1998) Vitamin C attenuates abnormal vasomotor reactivity in spasm coronary arteries in patients with coronary spastic angina. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 32, 103\u2013109.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00185-5"},{"key":"53","unstructured":"53) Hirashima, O., Kawano, H., Motoyama, T., Hirai, N., Ohgushi, M., Kugiyama, K. (2000) Improvement of endothelial function and insulin sensitivity with vitamin C in patients with coronary spastic angina: Possible role of reactive oxygen species. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 35, 1860\u20131866."},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"54) Kugiyama, K., Miyao, Y., Sakamoto, T., Kawano, H., Soejima, H., Miyamoto, S. (2001) Glutathione attenuates coronary constriction to acetylcholine in patients with coronary spastic angina. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 280, 264\u2013271.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2001.280.1.H264"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"55) Miwa, K., Miyagi, Y., Igawa, A., Nakagawa, K. and Inoue, H. (1996) Vitamin E deficiency in variant angina. Circulation 94, 14\u201318.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.1.14"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"56) Motoyama, T., Kawano, H., Kugiyama, K., Hirashima, O., Ohgushi, M., Tsunoda, R. (1998) Vitamin E administration improves impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with coronary spastic angina. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 32, 1672\u20131679.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00447-1"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"57) Miyamoto, S., Kawano, H., Sakamoto, T., Soejima, H., Kajiwara, I., Hokamaki, J. (2004) Increased plasma levels of thioredoxin in patients with coronary spastic angina. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 6, 75\u201380.","DOI":"10.1089\/152308604771978363"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"58) Mizuno, Y., Harada, E., Morita, S., Kinoshita, K., Hayashida, M., Shono, M. (2015) East asian variant of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 is associated with coronary spastic angina: Possible roles of reactive aldehydes and implications of alcohol flushing syndrome. Circulation 131, 1665\u20131673.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013120"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"59) Itoh, T., Yasue, H., Yoshimura, M., Nakamura, S., Nakayama, M., Shimasaki, Y. (2002) Paraoxonase gene Gln192Arg (Q192R) polymorphism is associated with coronary artery spasm. Hum. Genet. 110, 89\u201394.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-001-0654-6"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"60) Murase, Y., Yamada, Y., Hirashiki, A., Ichihara, S., Kanda, H., Watarai, M. (2004) Genetic risk and gene-environment interaction in coronary artery spasm in Japanese men and women. Eur. Heart J. 25, 970\u2013977.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehj.2004.02.020"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"61) Nakano, T., Osanai, T., Tomita, H., Sekimata, M., Homma, Y. and Okumura, K. (2002) Enhanced activity of variant phospholipase C-\u03b41 protein (R257H) detected in patients with coronary artery spasm. Circulation 105, 2024\u20132029.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000014613.36469.3F"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"62) Kugiyama, K., Yasue, H., Ohgushi, M., Motoyama, T., Kawano, H., Inobe, Y. (1996) Deficiency in nitric oxide bioactivity in epicardial coronary arteries of cigarette smokers. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 28, 1161\u20131167.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(96)00325-7"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"63) Motoyama, T., Kawano, H., Kugiyama, K., Hirashima, O., Ohgushi, M., Yoshimura, M. (1997) Endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the brachial artery is impaired in smokers: Effect of vitamin C. Am. J. Physiol. 273, 1644\u20131650.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1997.273.4.H1644"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"64) Ohta, Y., Kugiyama, K., Sugiyama, S., Ohgushi, M., Matsumura, T., Doi, H. (1997) Impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation of rabbit aortas by cigarette smoke extract: Role of free radicals and attenuation by captopril. Atherosclerosis 131, 195\u2013202.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(97)06106-6"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"65) Hill, B.G. and Bhatnagar, A. (2009) Beyond reactive oxygen species: Aldehydes as arbitrators of alarm and adaptation. Circ. Res. 105, 1044\u20131046.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.209791"},{"key":"66","unstructured":"66) Singh, S., Brocker, C., Koppaka, V., Chen, Y., Jackson, B.C., Matsumoto, A. (2013) Aldehyde dehydrogenases in cellular responses to oxidative\/electrophilic stress. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 56, 89\u2013101."},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"67) Chen, C.H., Budas, G.R., Churchill, E.N., Disatnik, M.H., Hurley, T.D. and Mochly-Rosen, D. (2008) Activation of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 reduces ischemic damage to the heart. Science 321, 1493\u20131495.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1158554"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"68) Chen, C.H., Ferreira, J.C., Gross, E.R. and Mochly-Rosen, D. (2014) Targeting aldehyde dehydrogenase 2: New therapeutic opportunities. Physiol. Rev. 94, 1\u201334.","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2013"},{"key":"69","unstructured":"69) Mizuno, Y., Hokimoto, S., Harada, E., Kinoshita, K., Yoshimura, M. and Yasue, H. (2016) Variant aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2*2) in east asians interactively exacerbates tobacco smoking risk for coronary spasm \u2014 Possible role of reactive aldehydes. Circ. J. 81, 96\u2013102."},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"70) Mizuno, Y., Hokimoto, S., Harada, E., Kinoshita, K., Nakagawa, K., Yoshimura, M. (2016) Variant aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2*2) is a risk factor for coronary spasm and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 5, e003247.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.003247"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"71) Takeuchi, F., Yokota, M., Yamamoto, K., Nakashima, E., Katsuya, T., Asano, H. (2012) Genome-wide association study of coronary artery disease in the Japanese. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 20, 333\u2013340.","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2011.184"},{"key":"72","unstructured":"72) Gu, J.Y. and Li, L.W. (2014) ALDH2 Glu504Lys polymorphism and susceptibility to coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction in East Asians: A meta-analysis. Arch. Med. Res. 45, 76\u201383."},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"73) Daiber, A., Oelze, M., Wenzel, P., Wickramanayake, J.M., Schuhmacher, S., Jansen, T. (2009) Nitrate tolerance as a model of vascular dysfunction: Roles for mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Pharmacol. Rep. 61, 33\u201348.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(09)70005-2"},{"key":"74","unstructured":"74) Shimokawa, H. (2000) Cellular and molecular mechanisms of coronary artery spasm \u2014 Lessons from animal models. Jpn. Circ. J. 64, 1\u201312."},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"75) Kaikita, K., Ogawa, H., Yasue, H., Sakamoto, T., Suefuji, H., Sumida, H. (1995) Soluble P-selectin is released into the coronary circulation after CAS. Circulation 92, 1726\u20131730.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.7.1726"},{"key":"76","unstructured":"76) Itoh, T., Mizuno, Y., Harada, E., Yoshimura, M., Ogawa, H. and Yasue, H. (2007) CAS is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation. Circ. J. 71, 1074\u20131078."},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"77) Yasue, H., Hirai, N., Mizuno, Y., Harada, E., Itoh, T., Yoshimura, M. (2006) Low-grade inflammation, thrombogenicity, and atherogenic lipid profile in cigarette smokers. Circ. J. 70, 8\u201313.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.70.8"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"78) Ohyama, K., Matsumoto, Y., Takanami, K., Ota, H., Nishimiya, K., Sugisawa, J. (2018) Coronary adventitial and perivascular adipose tissue inflammation in patients with vasospastic angina. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 71, 414\u2013425.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.11.046"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"79) Somlyo, A.P. and Somlyo, A.V. (2003) Ca<sup>2+<\/sup> sensitivity of smooth muscle and nonmuscle myosin II: Modulated by G proteins, kinases, and myosin phosphatase. Physiol. Rev. 83, 1325\u20131358.","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00023.2003"},{"key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"80) Kimura, K., Ito, M., Amano, M., Chihara, K., Fukata, Y., Nakafuku, M. (1996) Regulation of myosin phosphorylation by Rho and Rho-associated kinase (Rho kinase). Science 273, 245\u2013248.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5272.245"},{"key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"81) Uehata, M., Ishizaki, T., Satoh, H., Ono, T., Kawahara, T., Morishita, T. (1997) Calcium sensitization of smooth muscle mediated by a Rho-associated protein kinase in hypertension. Nature 389, 990\u2013994.","DOI":"10.1038\/40187"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"82) Shimokawa, H. and Takeshita, A. (2005) Rho-kinase is an important therapeutic target in cardiovascular medicine. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25, 1767\u20131775.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000176193.83629.c8"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"83) Masumoto, A., Mohri, M., Shimokawa, H., Urakami, L., Usui, M. and Takeshita, A. (2002) Suppression of coronary artery spasm by the Rho-kinase inhibitor fasudil in patients with vasospastic angina. Circulation 105, 1545\u20131547.","DOI":"10.1161\/hc1002.105938"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"84) Rikitake, Y. and Liao, J.K. (2005) Rho GTPases, statins, and nitric oxide. Circ. Res. 97, 1232\u20131235.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000196564.18314.23"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"85) Sauzeau, V., Rolli-Derkinderen, M., Marionneau, C., Loirand, G. and Pacaud, P. (2003) RhoA expression is controlled by nitric oxide through cGMP-dependent protein kinase activation. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 9472\u20139480.","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M212776200"},{"key":"86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"86) Yasue, H., Mizuno, Y., Harada, E., Itoh, T., Nakagawa, H., Nakayama, M. (2008) Effects of a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, fluvastatin, on coronary spasm after withdrawal of calcium-channel blockers. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 51, 1742\u20131748.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.12.049"},{"key":"87","unstructured":"87) B\u00fcssemaker, E., Pistrosch, F., F\u00f6rster, S., Herbrig, K., Gross, P., Passauer, J. (2007) Rho kinase contributes to basal vascular tone in humans: Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 293, 541\u2013547."},{"key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"88) Katoh, D., Mizuno, Y., Harada, E., Ito, T., Morikawa, Y., Nakagawa, H. (2012) High incidence of provoked coronary spasm in the presence of a stent after myocardial infarction: Therapeutic and prognostic implications. Coron. Artery Dis. 23, 141\u2013145.","DOI":"10.1097\/MCA.0b013e32835115ee"},{"key":"89","unstructured":"89) Hokimoto, S., Mizuno, Y., Sueta, D., Morita, S., Akasaka, T., Tabata, N. (2015) High incidence of CAS after percutaneous coronary interventions: Comparison between new generation drug-eluting stent and bare-metal stent. Int. J. Cardiol. 182, 171\u2013173."},{"key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"90) Hata, R., Oka, N., Kubo, S., Kuwayama, A., Ohya, M., Shimada, T. (2018) Impact of stent type and presence of vasospastic angina on long-term prognosis. Circ. J. 82, 469\u2013476.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-17-0298"},{"key":"91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.12.1195","volume":"97","author":"P. Theroux","year":"1998","unstructured":"91) Theroux, P. and Fuster, V. (1998) Acute coronary syndromes: Unstable angina and non-Q wave myocardial infarction. Circulation 97, 1195\u20131206.","journal-title":"Circulation","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0009-7322","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"92) Libby, P. (2001) Current concepts of the pathogenesis of the acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 104, 365\u2013372.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.104.3.365"},{"key":"93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"93) Oshima, S., Yasue, H., Ogawa, H., Okumura, K. and Matsuyama, K. (1990) Fibrinopeptide A is released into the coronary circulation after CAS. Circulation 82, 2222\u20132225.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.82.6.2222"},{"key":"94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"94) Ogawa, H., Yasue, H., Oshima, S., Okumura, K., Matsuyama, K. and Obata, K. (1989) Circadian variation of plasma fibrinopeptide A level in patients with variant angina. Circulation 80, 1617\u20131627.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.80.6.1617"},{"key":"95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"95) Masuda, T., Yasue, H., Ogawa, H., Misumi, I., Sakamoto, T., Okubo, H. (1992) Plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor activity and tissue plasminogen activator levels in patients with unstable angina and those with coronary spastic angina. Am. Heart J. 124, 314\u2013319.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(92)90592-J"},{"key":"96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"96) Miyamoto, S., Ogawa, H., Soejima, H., Takazoe, K., Sakamoto, T., Yoshimura, M. (2000) Formation of platelet aggregates after attacks with coronary spastic angina pectoris. Am. J. Cardiol. 85, 494\u2013497.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)00779-1"},{"key":"97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"97) Etsuda, H., Mizuno, K., Arakawa, K., Satomura, K., Shibuya, T. and Isojima, K. (1993) Angioscopy in variant angina: Coronary artery spasm and intimal injury. Lancet 342, 1322\u20131324.","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92245-O"},{"key":"98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"98) Ishii, M., Kaikita, K., Sato, K., Yamanaga, K., Miyazaki, T., Akasaka, T. (2016) Impact of statin therapy on clinical outcome in patients with coronary spasm. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 5, e003426.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.003426"},{"key":"99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"99) Morikawa, Y., Mizuno, Y., Harada, E., Kuboyama, O., Yoshimura, M. and Yasue, H. (2010) Nitrate tolerance as a possible cause of multidrug-resistant coronary artery spasm. Int. Heart J. 51, 211\u2013213.","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.51.211"},{"key":"100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"100) Daiber, A. and M\u00fcnzel, T. (2015) Organic nitrate therapy, nitrate tolerance, and nitrate-induced endothelial dysfunction: Emphasis on redox biology and oxidative stress. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 23, 899\u2013942.","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2015.6376"},{"key":"101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"101) Takahashi, J., Nihei, T., Takagi, Y., Miyata, S., Odaka, Y., Tsunoda, R. (2015) Prognostic impact of chronic nitrate therapy in patients with vasospastic angina: Multicentre registry study of the Japanese CAS association. Eur. Heart J. 36, 228\u2013237.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu313"},{"key":"102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"102) Hirai, N., Kawano, H., Yasue, H., Shimomura, H., Miyamoto, S., Soejima, H. (2003) Attenuation of nitrate tolerance and oxidative stress by an angiotensin II receptor blocker in patients with coronary spastic angina. Circulation 108, 1446\u20131450.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000089092.61590.A8"},{"key":"103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"103) Choi, B.G., Jeon, S.Y., Rha, S.W., Park, S.H., Shim, M.S., Choi, S.Y. (2016) Impact of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on long-term clinical outcomes of patients with coronary artery spasm. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 5, e003217.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.003217"},{"key":"104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"104) Kaski, J.C. (1995) Management of vasospastic angina \u2014 Role of nicorandil. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. 9, 221\u2013227.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00878469"},{"key":"105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"105) Kashiwagi, Y., Harada, E., Mizuno, Y., Morita, S., Shono, M., Murohara, T. (2013) Coronary spastic angina is associated with insulin resistance \u2014 Possible involvement of endothelial dysfunction. Coron. Artery Dis. 24, 559\u2013565.","DOI":"10.1097\/MCA.0000000000000024"},{"key":"106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"106) Morita, S., Mizuno, Y., Harada, E., Kashiwagi, Y., Yoshimura, M., Murohara, T. (2014) Pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 activator, suppresses coronary spasm. Coron. Artery Dis. 25, 671\u2013677.","DOI":"10.1097\/MCA.0000000000000144"},{"key":"107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"107) Morikawa, Y., Mizuno, Y., Harada, E., Katoh, D., Kashiwagi, Y., Morita, S. (2013) Aerobic interval exercise training in the afternoon reduces attacks of coronary spastic angina in conjunction with improvement in endothelial function, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Coron. Artery Dis. 24, 177\u2013182.","DOI":"10.1097\/MCA.0b013e32835cbef5"},{"key":"108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"108) Yasue, H., Takizawa, A., Nagao, M., Nishida, S., Horie, M., Kubota, J. (1988) Long-term prognosis for patients with variant angina and influential factors. Circulation 78, 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.78.1.1"},{"key":"109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"109) Takagi, Y., Yasuda, S., Tsunoda, R., Ogata, Y., Seki, A., Sumiyoshi, T. (2011) Clinical characteristics and long-term prognosis of vasospastic angina patients who survived out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: Multicenter registry study of the Japanese Coronary Spasm Association. Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol. 4, 295\u2013302.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.110.959809"},{"key":"110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"110) Ahn, J.M., Lee, K.H., Yoo, S.Y., Cho, Y.R., Suh, J., Shin, E.S. (2016) Prognosis of variant angina manifesting as aborted sudden cardiac death. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 68, 137\u2013145.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.04.050"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/pjab\/95\/2\/95_PJA9502B-01\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,16]],"date-time":"2019-11-16T10:24:20Z","timestamp":1573899860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/pjab\/95\/2\/95_PJA9502B-01\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,8]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2183\/pjab.95.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0386-2208","1349-2896"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0386-2208","type":"print"},{"value":"1349-2896","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,8]]}}}