{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T18:14:24Z","timestamp":1780596864608,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Japan Epidemiological Association","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"DOI":"10.2188\/jea.je20210132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T22:08:47Z","timestamp":1630706927000},"page":"573-580","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Prevention Measures for COVID-19 and Changes in Kawasaki Disease Incidence"],"prefix":"10.2188","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8953-7765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobuyuki","family":"Katsumata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi"},{"name":"Departments of Neonatology, Yamanashi Central Prefectural Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2967-6739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Harama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Central Prefectural Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takako","family":"Toda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuto","family":"Sunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Yoshizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yosuke","family":"Kono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohei","family":"Hasebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiichi","family":"Koizumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Fujiyoshida Municipal Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minako","family":"Hoshiai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Central Prefectural Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Central Prefectural Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sho","family":"Hokibara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kofu Municipal Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Kosei Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miwa","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Kofu National Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoaki","family":"Sano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi Red Cross Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Tsuruta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kofu-kyoritsu Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Fujiyoshida Municipal Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonoko","family":"Mizorogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Nirasaki City Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masanori","family":"Ohta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Tsuru Municipal General Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mie","family":"Mochizuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kyonan Medical Center Fujikawa Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Suwa Central Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7369-155X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Yokomichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Yamanashi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Inukai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Yamanashi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"991","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1. Poole S, Brendish NJ, Clark TW. SARS-CoV-2 has displaced other seasonal respiratory viruses: results from a prospective cohort study. <i>J Infect<\/i>. 2020;81:966\u2013972.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.11.010"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Huang QS, Wood T, Jelley L, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions on influenza and other respiratory viral infections in New Zealand. Preprint. medRxiv. 2020;2020.11.11.20228692. Published 2020 Nov 13. doi:10.1101\/2020.11.11.20228692.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.11.11.20228692"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Yeoh DK, Foley DA, Minney-Smith CA, et\u00a0al. Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 public health measures on detections of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in children during the 2020 Australian winter. <i>Clin Infect Dis<\/i>. 2021;72(12):2199\u20132202.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1475"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Sakamoto H, Ishikane M, Ueda P. Seasonal influenza activity during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Japan. <i>JAMA<\/i>. 2020;323:1969\u20131971.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6173"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Kenyon CC, Hill DA, Henrickson SE, Bryant-Stephens TC, Zorc JJ. Initial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on pediatric asthma emergency department utilization. <i>J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract<\/i>. 2020;8:2774\u20132776.e1.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.05.045"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Krivec U, Kofol Seliger A, Tursic J. COVID-19 lockdown dropped the rate of paediatric asthma admissions. <i>Arch Dis Child<\/i>. 2020;105:809\u2013810.","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-319522"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Kawasaki T, Kosaki F, Okawa S, Shigematsu I, Yanagawa H. A new infantile acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS) prevailing in Japan. <i>Pediatrics<\/i>. 1974 Sep;54:271\u2013276.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.54.3.271"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. McCrindle BW, Rowley AH, Newburger JW, et\u00a0al; American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease: a scientific statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association. <i>Circulation<\/i>. 2017;135(17):e927\u2013e999.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000484"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Noval Rivas M, Arditi M. Kawasaki disease: pathophysiology and insights from mouse models. <i>Nat Rev Rheumatol<\/i>. 2020;16:391\u2013405.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0426-0"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Nakamura Y. Kawasaki disease: epidemiology and the lessons from it. <i>Int J Rheum Dis<\/i>. 2018;21:16\u201319.","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13211"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Riphagen S, Gomez X, Gonzalez-Martinez C, Wilkinson N, Theocharis P. Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic. <i>Lancet<\/i>. 2020;395:1607\u20131608.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31094-1"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Verdoni L, Mazza A, Gervasoni A, et\u00a0al. An outbreak of severe Kawasaki-like disease at the Italian epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: an observational cohort study. <i>Lancet<\/i>. 2020;395:1771\u20131778.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31103-X"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Viner RM, Whittaker E. Kawasaki-like disease: emerging complication during the COVID-19 pandemic. <i>Lancet<\/i>. 2020;395:1741\u20131743.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31129-6"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Toubiana J, Poirault C, Corsia A, et\u00a0al. Kawasaki-like multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children during the covid-19 pandemic in Paris, France: prospective observational study. <i>BMJ<\/i>. 2020;369:m2094.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2094"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Whittaker E, Bamford A, Kenny J, et\u00a0al; PIMS-TS Study Group and EUCLIDS and PERFORM Consortia. Clinical characteristics of 58 children with a pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2. <i>JAMA<\/i>. 2020;324(3):259\u2013269.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.10369"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Cheung EW, Zachariah P, Gorelik M, et\u00a0al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome related to COVID-19 in previously healthy children and adolescents in New York City. <i>JAMA<\/i>. 2020;324:294\u2013296.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.10374"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Singh S, Vignesh P, Burgner D. The epidemiology of Kawasaki disease: a global update. <i>Arch Dis Child<\/i>. 2015;100:1084\u20131088.","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-307536"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Lin MT, Wu MH. The global epidemiology of Kawasaki disease: review and future perspectives. <i>Glob Cardiol Sci Pract<\/i>. 2017;2017(3):e201720.","DOI":"10.21542\/gcsp.2017.20"},{"key":"19","unstructured":"19. COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). https:\/\/coronavirus.jhu.edu\/map.html. Accessed December 3rd, 2020."},{"key":"20","unstructured":"20. COVID-19 CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC. Worldometer. https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/. Accessed December 3rd, 2020."},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Nakamura Y, Yashiro M, Uehara R, et\u00a0al. Epidemiologic features of Kawasaki disease in Japan: results of the 2007\u20132008 nationwide survey. <i>J Epidemiol<\/i>. 2010;20:302\u2013307.","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20090180"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. Nakamura Y, Yashiro M, Uehara R, et\u00a0al. Epidemiologic features of Kawasaki disease in Japan: results of the 2009\u20132010 nationwide survey. <i>J Epidemiol<\/i>. 2012;22:216\u2013221.","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20110126"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Makino N, Nakamura Y, Yashiro M, et\u00a0al. Descriptive epidemiology of Kawasaki disease in Japan, 2011\u20132012: from the results of the 22nd nationwide survey. <i>J Epidemiol<\/i>. 2015;25:239\u2013245.","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20140089"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24. Makino N, Nakamura Y, Yashiro M, et\u00a0al. Epidemiological observations of Kawasaki disease in Japan, 2013\u20132014. <i>Pediatr Int<\/i>. 2018;60:581\u2013587.","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.13544"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25. Makino N, Nakamura Y, Yashiro M, et\u00a0al. Nationwide epidemiologic survey of Kawasaki disease in Japan, 2015\u20132016. <i>Pediatr Int<\/i>. 2019;61:397\u2013403.","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.13809"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26. Kobayashi T, Ayusawa M, Suzuki H, et\u00a0al. Revision of diagnostic guidelines for Kawasaki disease (6th revised edition). <i>Pediatr Int<\/i>. 2020;62:1135\u20131138.","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.14326"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27. Koizumi K, Hoshiai M, Katsumata N, et\u00a0al. Infliximab regulates monocytes and regulatory T cells in Kawasaki disease. <i>Pediatr Int<\/i>. 2018;60:796\u2013802.","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.13555"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. Koizumi K, Hoshiai M, Moriguchi T, et\u00a0al. Plasma exchange downregulates activated monocytes and restores regulatory T cells in Kawasaki disease. <i>Ther Apher Dial<\/i>. 2019;23:92\u201398.","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-9987.12754"},{"key":"29","unstructured":"29. COVID-19 database by the Yamanashi Prefectural Government. Available online: https:\/\/www.pref.yamanashi.jp\/koucho\/coronavirus\/documents\/yousei.xlsx. Accessed December 3rd, 2020."},{"key":"30","unstructured":"30. COVID-19 database by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan). Available online: https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/content\/pcr_positive_daily.csv. Accessed December 3rd, 2020."},{"key":"31","unstructured":"31. Infectious Disease Weekly Report by National Institute of Infectious Diseases. https:\/\/www.niid.go.jp\/niid\/en\/. Accessed December 3rd, 2020."},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32. Benneyan JC, Lloyd RC, Plsek PE. Statistical process control as a tool for research and healthcare improvement. <i>Qual Saf Health Care<\/i>. 2003;12:458\u2013464.","DOI":"10.1136\/qhc.12.6.458"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33. Hiroi S, Morikawa S, Nakata K, Kase T. Surveillance of adenovirus respiratory infections in children from Osaka, Japan. <i>Jpn J Infect Dis<\/i>. 2017;70(6):666\u2013668.","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2017.032"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34. Xing W, Liao Q, Viboud C, et\u00a0al. Hand, foot, and mouth disease in China, 2008\u201312: an epidemiological study. <i>Lancet Infect Dis<\/i>. 2014;14(4):308\u2013318.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70342-6"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35. Bridge R, Brady S, Erhart LM, Komatsu K. Notes from the field: age distribution of patients with laboratory-detected respiratory syncytial virus - Arizona, 2013\u20132017. <i>MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep<\/i>. 2019;68(8):203\u2013204. Published 2019 Mar 1.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6808a4"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36. Chang LY, Lu CY, Shao PL, et\u00a0al. Viral infections associated with Kawasaki disease. <i>J Formos Med Assoc<\/i>. 2014;113(3):148\u2013154.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2013.12.008"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"37. Turnier JL, Anderson MS, Heizer HR, Jone PN, Glod\u00e9 MP, Dominguez SR. Concurrent respiratory viruses and Kawasaki disease. <i>Pediatrics<\/i>. 2015;136(3):e609\u2013e614.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0950"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"38. Reichert TA, Sugaya N, Fedson DS, Glezen WP, Simonsen L, Tashiro M. The Japanese experience with vaccinating schoolchildren against influenza. <i>N Engl J Med<\/i>. 2001;344(12):889\u2013896.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200103223441204"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"39. Iio K, Uda K, Hataya H, et\u00a0al. Kawasaki disease or Kawasaki-like disease: Influence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in Japan. <i>Acta Paediatr<\/i>. 2021;110:600\u2013601.","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15535"},{"key":"40","unstructured":"40. Japanese Cabinet Office. Accessed June 20th, 2021, https:\/\/corona.go.jp\/dashboard\/."},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41. Lazzerini M, Barbi E, Apicella A, Marchetti F, Cardinale F, Trobia G. Delayed access or provision of care in Italy resulting from fear of COVID-19. <i>Lancet Child Adolesc Health<\/i>. 2020;4:e10\u2013e11.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30108-5"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"42. Harahsheh AS, Dahdah N, Newburger JW, et\u00a0al. Missed or delayed diagnosis of Kawasaki disease during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. <i>J Pediatr<\/i>. 2020;222:261\u2013262.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.04.052"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jea\/31\/11\/31_JE20210132\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T05:05:37Z","timestamp":1715144737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jea\/31\/11\/31_JE20210132\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2188\/jea.je20210132","relation":{},"ISSN":["0917-5040","1349-9092"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0917-5040","type":"print"},{"value":"1349-9092","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"article-number":"JE20210132"}}