{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T00:07:31Z","timestamp":1772928451069,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Japan Epidemiological Association","issue":"3","funder":[{"name":"Children and Families Agency Research Grant","award":["JP23DA0101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23DA0101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"DOI":"10.2188\/jea.je20240447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T22:07:36Z","timestamp":1757110056000},"page":"87-93","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Secular Trends in the Prevalence of Small Vulnerable Newborns in Japan, 1997\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.2188","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2698-9702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keisuke","family":"Yoshii","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Child Health and Development"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hibiki","family":"Doi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Child Health and Development"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mizuho","family":"Igarashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Child Health and Development"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0997-2845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kohei","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keiko","family":"Matsubara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diversity Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Isayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, National Center for Child Health and Development"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenichi","family":"Kashimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Child Health and Development"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6151-4513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naho","family":"Morisaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"991","reference":[{"key":"1","unstructured":"1. World Health Organization. <i>Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death: Based on the Recommendations of the Ninth Revision Conference, 1975, and Adopted by the Twenty-ninth World Health Assembly<\/i>. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1977."},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Ashorn P, Ashorn U, Muthiani Y, et\u00a0al. Small vulnerable newborns\u2014big potential for impact. <i>Lancet<\/i>. 2023;401:1692\u20131706.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00354-9"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Clayton PE, Cianfarani S, Czernichow P, Johannsson G, Rapaport R, Rogol A. Management of the child born small for gestational age through to adulthood: a consensus statement of the International Societies of Pediatric Endocrinology and the Growth Hormone Research Society. <i>J Clin Endocrinol Metab<\/i>. 2007;92:804\u2013810.","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2017"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Hokken-Koelega ACS, van der Steen M, Boguszewski MCS, et\u00a0al. International Consensus Guideline on Small for Gestational Age: Etiology and Management From Infancy to Early Adulthood. <i>Endocr Rev<\/i>. 2023;44:539\u2013565.","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnad002"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Lawn JE, Ohuma EO, Bradley E, et\u00a0al. Small babies, big risks: global estimates of prevalence and mortality for vulnerable newborns to accelerate change and improve counting. <i>Lancet<\/i>. 2023;401:1707\u20131719.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00522-6"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Hunter PJ, Awoyemi T, Ayede AI, et\u00a0al. Biological and pathological mechanisms leading to the birth of a small vulnerable newborn. <i>Lancet<\/i>. 2023;401:1720\u20131732.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00573-1"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Hofmeyr GJ, Black RE, Rogozi\u0144ska E, et\u00a0al. Evidence-based antenatal interventions to reduce the incidence of small vulnerable newborns and their associated poor outcomes. <i>Lancet<\/i>. 2023;401:1733\u20131744.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00355-0"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Mericq V, Martinez-Aguayo A, Uauy R, et\u00a0al. Long-term metabolic risk among children born premature or small for gestational age. <i>Nat Rev Endocrinol<\/i>. 2017;13:50\u201362.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.127"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Jardine J, Walker K, Gurol-Urganci I, et\u00a0al. Adverse pregnancy outcomes attributable to socioeconomic and ethnic inequalities in England: a national cohort study. <i>Lancet<\/i>. 2021;398:1905\u20131912.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01595-6"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Sheikh J, Allotey J, Kew T, et\u00a0al. Effects of race and ethnicity on perinatal outcomes in high-income and upper-middle-income countries: an individual participant data meta-analysis of 2 198 655 pregnancies. <i>Lancet<\/i>. 2022;400:2049\u20132062.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4023225"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Takeuchi A, Yorifuji T, Takahashi K, et\u00a0al. Neurodevelopment in full-term small for gestational age infants: a nationwide Japanese population-based study. <i>Brain Dev<\/i>. 2016;38:529\u2013537.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2015.12.013"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Higa Diez M, Yorifuji T, Kado Y, Sanada S, Doi H. Preterm birth and behavioural outcomes at 8 years of age: a nationwide survey in Japan. <i>Arch Dis Child<\/i>. 2016;101:338\u2013343.","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-309272"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Takeuchi A, Yorifuji T, Takahashi K, et\u00a0al. Behavioral outcomes of school-aged full-term small-for-gestational-age infants: a nationwide Japanese population-based study. <i>Brain Dev<\/i>. 2017;39:101\u2013106.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2016.08.007"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Takeuchi A, Yorifuji T, Nakamura K, et\u00a0al. Catch-up growth and neurobehavioral development among full-term, small-for-gestational-age children: a nationwide Japanese population-based study. <i>J Pediatr<\/i>. 2018;192:41\u201346.e2.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.09.002"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Tamai K, Yorifuji T, Takeuchi A, et\u00a0al. Associations of birth weight for gestational age with child health and neurodevelopment among term infants: a nationwide Japanese population-based study. <i>J Pediatr<\/i>. 2020;226:135\u2013141.e4.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.06.075"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Suzuki K, Shinohara R, Sato M, Otawa S, Yamagata Z. Association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and birth weight: an appropriately adjusted model from the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study. <i>J Epidemiol<\/i>. 2016;26:371\u2013377.","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20150185"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Terada M, Matsuda Y, Ogawa M, Matsui H, Satoh S. Effects of maternal factors on birth weight in Japan. <i>J Pregnancy<\/i>. 2013;2013:172395.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/172395"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Ishitsuka K, Piedvache A, Kobayashi S, et\u00a0al. The population-attributable fractions of small-for-gestational-age births: results from the Japan Birth Cohort Consortium. <i>Nutrients<\/i>. 2024;16:186.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16020186"},{"key":"19","unstructured":"19. Japan Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Information about smoking and health, including the negative effects of smoking on health during pregnancy. https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/topics\/tobacco\/qa\/detail2.html. Published in Japanese. Accessed 27.06.2024."},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Itoh H, Itakura A, Kanayama N, Ikeda T. Withdrawal of the 1999 JSOG recommendation of weight gain restriction during pregnancy (Commentary of the JSOG Perinatal Committee). <i>J Obstet Gynaecol Res<\/i>. 2019;45:2302.","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14080"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Normile D. Staying slim during pregnancy carries a price. <i>Science<\/i>. 2018;361:440.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.361.6401.440"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. Morisaki N, Urayama KY, Yoshii K, Subramanian SV, Yokoya S. Ecological analysis of secular trends in low birth weight births and adult height in Japan. <i>J Epidemiol Community Health<\/i>. 2017;71:1014\u20131018.","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2017-209266"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Johnson K, Posner SF, Biermann J, et\u00a0al. Recommendations to improve preconception health and health care - United States: a report of the CDC\/ATSDR preconception care work group and the select panel on preconception care. <i>MMWR Recomm Rep<\/i>. 2006;55(RR-6):1\u201323.","DOI":"10.1037\/e506902006-001"},{"key":"24","unstructured":"24. World Health Organization. Preconception care: Maximizing the gains for maternal and child health. 2013. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-FWC-MCA-13.02. Accessed 27.06.2024."},{"key":"25","unstructured":"25. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal care. NICE guideline [NG2021]. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng201. Accessed 27.06.2024."},{"key":"26","unstructured":"26. National Center for Child Health and Development. Preconception care center. https:\/\/www.ncchd.go.jp\/hospital\/about\/section\/preconception\/index.html. Published in Japanese. Accessed 25.06.2025."},{"key":"27","unstructured":"27. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Report of the Study Group for Healthy Parents and Children 21 (Phase 2), <i>Chapter 2-3: Health disparities in maternal and child health<\/i>. May 7, 2014. Japanese. https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/stf\/shingi\/0000041585.html. Accessed 12.06.2025."},{"key":"28","unstructured":"28. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Vital statistics. https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/english\/database\/db-hw\/vs01.html. Accessed 12.06.2025."},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29. Itabashi K, Miura F, Uehara R, Nakamura Y. New Japanese neonatal anthropometric charts for gestational age at birth. <i>Pediatr Int<\/i>. 2014;56:702\u2013708.","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.12331"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30. EPPPIC Group. Evaluating Progestogens for Preventing Preterm birth International Collaborative (EPPPIC): meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised controlled trials. <i>Lancet<\/i>. 2021;397:1183\u20131194.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00217-8"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31. Hoffman MK, Goudar SS, Kodkany BS, et\u00a0al. Low-dose aspirin for the prevention of preterm delivery in nulliparous women with a singleton pregnancy (ASPIRIN): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. <i>Lancet<\/i>. 2020;395:285\u2013293.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32973-3"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32. Brocklehurst P, Gordon A, Heatley E, Milan SJ. Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. <i>Cochrane Database Syst Rev<\/i>. 2013;2013(1):CD000262.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000262.pub4"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33. Thinkhamrop J, Hofmeyr GJ, Adetoro O, Lumbiganon P, Ota E. Antibiotic prophylaxis during the second and third trimester to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes and morbidity. <i>Cochrane Database Syst Rev<\/i>. 2015;1:CD002250.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002250.pub2"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34. Petricevic L, Rosicky I, Kiss H, et\u00a0al. Effect of vaginal probiotics containing Lactobacillus casei rhamnosus (Lcr regenerans) on vaginal dysbiotic microbiota and pregnancy outcome, prospective, randomized study. <i>Sci Rep<\/i>. 2023;13:7129.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34275-9"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35. Ide M, Papapanou PN. Epidemiology of association between maternal periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes\u2014systematic review. <i>J Periodontol<\/i>. 2013;84(4 Suppl):S181\u2013S194.","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2013.134009"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36. Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Middleton P, Esposito M, Glenny AM. Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women. <i>Cochrane Database Syst Rev<\/i>. 2017;6:CD005297.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005297.pub3"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"37. Li B, Zhang X, Peng X, et\u00a0al. Folic acid and risk of preterm birth: a meta-analysis. <i>Front Neurosci<\/i>. 2019;13:1284.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01284"},{"key":"38","unstructured":"38. Japan Society for Reproductive Medicine. Guidelines on the number of embryos to transfer for the prevention of multiple pregnancies. Available: http:\/\/www.jsrm.or.jp\/guideline-statem\/guideline_2007_01.html. Accessed 05.04.2025."},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"39. Matsumoto N, Mitsui T, Kadowaki T, et\u00a0al. In vitro fertilization and long-term child health and development: nationwide birth cohort study in Japan. <i>Eur J Pediatr<\/i>. 2024;184:24.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-024-05883-y"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"40. Blencowe H, Cousens S, Kamb M, et\u00a0al. Lives Saved Tool supplement detection and treatment of syphilis in pregnancy to reduce syphilis related stillbirths and neonatal mortality. <i>BMC Public Health<\/i>. 2011;11(Suppl 3):S9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-S3-S9"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41. Ito Y, Yamagishi T, Ikenoue C, et\u00a0al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Congenital Syphilis in Japan, 2023: Executive Summary. <i>Pediatr Infect Dis J<\/i>. 2025;44:e90\u2013e94.","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000004665"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"42. Villar J, Cheikh Ismail L, Victora CG, et\u00a0al. International standards for newborn weight, length, and head circumference by gestational age and sex: the Newborn Cross-Sectional Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project. <i>Lancet<\/i>. 2014;384:857\u2013868.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60932-6"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jea\/36\/3\/36_JE20240447\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T04:29:50Z","timestamp":1772857790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jea\/36\/3\/36_JE20240447\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2188\/jea.je20240447","relation":{},"ISSN":["0917-5040","1349-9092"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0917-5040","type":"print"},{"value":"1349-9092","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"article-number":"JE20240447"}}