{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T16:39:21Z","timestamp":1793723961757,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Japan Epidemiological Association","issue":"8","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["23AA2003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23AA2003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["24AA2006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24AA2006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"DOI":"10.2188\/jea.je20250228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T22:09:29Z","timestamp":1766182169000},"page":"257-264","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epidemiology and Prognostic Factors of Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis in Japan: A Nationwide Database Study"],"prefix":"10.2188","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6929-8955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Kutsuna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Control, Graduate School of Medicine Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8544-2569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Ohbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1649-0596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuya","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Research, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keito","family":"Shinmoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Informatics, Institute of Science Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuichiro","family":"Matsuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Research, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1894-0290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiyohide","family":"Fushimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Informatics, Institute of Science Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideo","family":"Yasunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"991","reference":[{"key":"1","unstructured":"1. Ak AK, Bhutta BS, Mendez MD. Herpes simplex encephalitis. StatPearls [Internet]: StatPearls Publishing; 2024."},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Hammami F, Koubaa M, Ellouze Y, et\u00a0al. Management and outcome predictors during Herpes simplex virus encephalitis. <i>Ann Infect<\/i>. 2021;5.","DOI":"10.21037\/aoi-20-14"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Steiner I, Kennedy PG, Pachner AR. The neurotropic herpes viruses: herpes simplex and varicella-zoster. <i>Lancet Neurol<\/i>. 2007;6(11):1015\u20131028.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70267-3"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Abbuehl LS, Hofmann E, Hakim A, Dietmann A. Can we forecast poor outcome in herpes simplex and varicella zoster encephalitis? A narrative review. <i>Front Neurol<\/i>. 2023;14:1130090.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1130090"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Whitley RJ. Herpes simplex encephalitis: adolescents and adults. <i>Antiviral Res<\/i>. 2006;71(2\u20133):141\u2013148.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2006.04.002"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Hjalmarsson A, Blomqvist P, Sk\u00f6ldenberg B. Herpes simplex encephalitis in Sweden, 1990\u20132001: incidence, morbidity, and mortality. <i>Clin Infect Dis<\/i>. 2007;45(7):875\u2013880.","DOI":"10.1086\/521262"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Jouan Y, Grammatico-Guillon L, Espitalier F, Cazals X, Fran\u00e7ois P, Guillon A. Long-term outcome of severe herpes simplex encephalitis: a population-based observational study. <i>Crit Care<\/i>. 2015;19(1):345.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-1046-y"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Katson M, Gorenshtein A, Pepys J, Mina Y, Shelly S. Mortality and prognosis in herpes simplex Virus-1 encephalitis long-term follow up study. <i>J Neurol Sci<\/i>. 2025;468:123330.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2024.123330"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Raschilas F, Wolff M, Delatour F, et\u00a0al. Outcome of and prognostic factors for herpes simplex encephalitis in adult patients: results of a multicenter study. <i>Clin Infect Dis<\/i>. 2002;35(3):254\u2013260.","DOI":"10.1086\/341405"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Ishikawa T, Asano Y, Morishima T, et\u00a0al. Epidemiology of acute childhood encephalitis. Aichi Prefecture, Japan, 1984\u201390. <i>Brain Dev<\/i>. 1993;15(3):192\u2013197.","DOI":"10.1016\/0387-7604(93)90064-F"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Kaji M, Kusuhara T, Ayabe M, Hino H, Shoji H, Nagao T. Survey of herpes simplex virus infections of the central nervous system, including acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, in the Kyushu and Okinawa regions of Japan. <i>Mult Scler<\/i>. 1996;2(2):83\u201387.","DOI":"10.1177\/135245859600200204"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Kamei S, Takasu T. Nationwide survey of the annual prevalence of viral and other neurological infections in Japanese inpatients. <i>Intern Med<\/i>. 2000;39(11):894\u2013900.","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.39.894"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Yasunaga H. Updated information on the Diagnosis Procedure Combination data. <i>Ann Clin Epidemiol<\/i>. 2024;6(4):106\u2013110.","DOI":"10.37737\/ace.24015"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Yasunaga H. Real world data in Japan: chapter II the diagnosis procedure combination database. <i>Ann Clin Epidemiol<\/i>. 2019;1(3):76\u201379.","DOI":"10.37737\/ace.1.3_76"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Yamana H, Moriwaki M, Horiguchi H, Kodan M, Fushimi K, Yasunaga H. Validity of diagnoses, procedures, and laboratory data in Japanese administrative data. <i>J Epidemiol<\/i>. 2017;27(10):476\u2013482.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.je.2016.09.009"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Shigematsu K, Nakano H, Watanabe Y. The eye response test alone is sufficient to predict stroke outcome--reintroduction of Japan Coma Scale: a cohort study. <i>BMJ Open<\/i>. 2013;3(4).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002736"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Mahoney FI, Barthel DW. Functional evaluation: the Barthel index. <i>Md State Med J<\/i>. 1965;14:61\u201365.","DOI":"10.1037\/t02366-000"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Panagopoulos D, Themistocleous M, Apostolopoulou K, Sfakianos G. Herpes simplex encephalitis initially erroneously diagnosed as glioma of the cerebellum: case report and literature review. <i>World Neurosurg<\/i>. 2019;129:421\u2013427.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.06.158"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. J\u00f8rgensen LK, Dalgaard LS, \u00d8stergaard LJ, N\u00f8rgaard M, Mogensen TH. Incidence and mortality of herpes simplex encephalitis in Denmark: a nationwide registry-based cohort study. <i>J Infect<\/i>. 2017;74(1):42\u201349.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.09.004"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Sili U, Kaya A, Mert A; HSV Encephalitis Study Group. Herpes simplex virus encephalitis: clinical manifestations, diagnosis and outcome in 106 adult patients. <i>J Clin Virol<\/i>. 2014;60(2):112\u2013118.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.03.010"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Ngan TTD, Tuyet NT, Hung DT, Cap NT, Nguyen DM, Dat VQ. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with Herpes Simplex Encephalitis in Vietnam: a retrospective study. <i>BMC Infect Dis<\/i>. 2024;24(1):556.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09453-3"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. McGrath N, Anderson NE, Croxson MC, Powell KF. Herpes simplex encephalitis treated with acyclovir: diagnosis and long term outcome. <i>J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry<\/i>. 1997;63(3):321\u2013326.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.63.3.321"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Cooper J, Kierans C, Defres S, Easton A, Kneen R, Solomon T; ENCEPH-UK study group. Care beyond the hospital ward: understanding the socio-medical trajectory of herpes simplex virus encephalitis. <i>BMC Health Serv Res<\/i>. 2017;17(1):646.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2608-2"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24. Kim T, Cheong IY. Changes in function and muscle strength of encephalitis survivors after inpatient rehabilitation. <i>Ann Rehabil Med<\/i>. 2021;45(6):422\u2013430.","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.21133"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25. Rao N, Costa JL. Rehabilitation of three patients after treatment for herpes encephalitis. <i>Am J Phys Med Rehabil<\/i>. 1991;70(2):73\u201375.","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199104000-00004"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26. Tang A, Yoshida K, Lahey H, et\u00a0al. Herpes simplex virus encephalitis in patients with autoimmune conditions or exposure to immunomodulatory medications. <i>Neurology<\/i>. 2024;102(10):e209297.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209297"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jea\/36\/8\/36_JE20250228\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T04:42:31Z","timestamp":1786164151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jea\/36\/8\/36_JE20250228\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2188\/jea.je20250228","relation":{},"ISSN":["0917-5040","1349-9092"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0917-5040","type":"print"},{"value":"1349-9092","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"article-number":"JE20250228"}}