{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T05:13:20Z","timestamp":1783746800077,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Japan Epidemiological Association","issue":"7","funder":[{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission projects","award":["JCYJ20200109142418595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20200109142418595"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission projects","award":["KCXFZ20211020172545006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KCXFZ20211020172545006"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014764","name":"China International Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Z-2017-24-2301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z-2017-24-2301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014764","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Nature Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["2024A1515011957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515011957"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81903406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81903406"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou","award":["202201011245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201011245"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]]},"DOI":"10.2188\/jea.je20250453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T22:09:02Z","timestamp":1767996542000},"page":"215-222","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Resurgence of Influenza Following the Lifting of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions in Shenzhen, China"],"prefix":"10.2188","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8114-1380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University"},{"name":"Clinical Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiujuan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihua","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinjun","family":"Ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengzhi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8722-6149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shisong","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4269-3899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peihua","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University"},{"name":"Clinical Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"991","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et\u00a0al; China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. <i>N Engl J Med<\/i>. 2020;382(18):1708\u20131720.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Du Z, Xu X, Wang L, et\u00a0al. Effects of proactive social distancing on COVID-19 outbreaks in 58 cities, China. <i>Emerg Infect Dis<\/i>. 2020;26(9):2267\u20132269.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2609.201932"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Lai S, Ruktanonchai NW, Zhou L, et\u00a0al. Effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions to contain COVID-19 in China. <i>Nature<\/i>. 2020;585(7825):410\u2013413.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2293-x"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Feng L, Zhang T, Wang Q, et\u00a0al. Impact of COVID-19 outbreaks and interventions on influenza in China and the United States. <i>Nat Commun<\/i>. 2021;12(1):3249.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23440-1"},{"key":"5","unstructured":"5. Huaxia. China Focus: COVID-19 response further optimized with 10 new measures. 2022. https:\/\/english.news.cn\/20221207\/ca014c043bf24728b8dcbc0198565fdf\/c.html. Accessed 03.02.2024."},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Messacar K, Baker RE, Park SW, Nguyen-Tran H, Cataldi JR, Grenfell B. Preparing for uncertainty: endemic paediatric viral illnesses after COVID-19 pandemic disruption. <i>Lancet<\/i>. 2022;400(10364):1663\u20131665.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01277-6"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Cohen R, Levy C, Rybak A, Angoulvant F, Ouldali N, Grimprel E. Immune debt: Recrudescence of disease and confirmation of a contested concept. <i>Infect Dis Now<\/i>. 2023;53(2):104638.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2022.12.003"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Ali ST, Lau YC, Shan S, et\u00a0al. Prediction of upcoming global infection burden of influenza seasons after relaxation of public health and social measures during the COVID-19 pandemic: a modelling study. <i>Lancet Glob Health<\/i>. 2022;10(11):e1612\u2013e1622.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00358-8"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Yang J, Atkins KE, Feng L, et\u00a0al. Seasonal influenza vaccination in China: landscape of diverse regional reimbursement policy, and budget impact analysis. <i>Vaccine<\/i>. 2016;34(47):5724\u20135735.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.10.013"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Alghalyini B, Garatli T, Hamoor R, et\u00a0al. Hesitance and misconceptions about the annual influenza vaccine among the Saudi population post-COVID-19. <i>Vaccines (Basel)<\/i>. 2023;11(10):1595.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11101595"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Li Z, Xiong Y, Long J, et\u00a0al. Resurgence of influenza during COVID-19 in Chongqing, China: a retrospective analysis. <i>J Med Virol<\/i>. 2023;95(11):e29249.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29249"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Zeng L, Zang F, Song N, Li Z. Analysis of influenza trend and impact of COVID-19 in Kezhou, Xinjiang for 8 consecutive years. <i>J Med Virol<\/i>. 2022;94(7):3081\u20133086.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27678"},{"key":"13","unstructured":"13. National Health and Family Planning Commission. <i>National Influenza Surveillance Protocol (Edition) [Z], Beijing. 2017<\/i>. 2017."},{"key":"14","unstructured":"14. Center, S. M. S. D. Shenzhen Meteorological Science Data Center. https:\/\/opendata.sz.gov.cn\/data\/dataSet\/toDataDetails\/29200_00903511. Accessed 03.02.2024."},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Goldstein E, Cobey S, Takahashi S, Miller JC, Lipsitch M. Predicting the epidemic sizes of influenza A\/H1N1, A\/H3N2, and B: a statistical method. <i>PLoS Med<\/i>. 2011;8(7):e1001051.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001051"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Guo Y, Gasparrini A, Armstrong BG, et\u00a0al. Temperature variability and mortality: a multi-country study. <i>Environ Health Perspect<\/i>. 2016;124(10):1554\u20131559.","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP149"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Yan Y, Ou J, Zhao S, et\u00a0al. Characterization of influenza A and B viruses circulating in southern China during the 2017\u20132018 season. <i>Front Microbiol<\/i>. 2020;11:1079.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01079"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Thomas CM, White EB, Kojima N, et\u00a0al. Early and increased influenza activity among children - Tennessee, 2022\u201323 influenza season. <i>MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep<\/i>. 2023;72(3):49\u201354.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7203a1"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Uyeki TM. Influenza. <i>Ann Intern Med<\/i>. 2021;174(11):ITC161\u2013ITC176.","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC202111160"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Fu C, He Q, Li Z, et\u00a0al. Seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness among children, 2010\u20132012. <i>Influenza Other Respir Viruses<\/i>. 2013;7(6):1168\u20131174.","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12157"},{"key":"21","unstructured":"21. Zhao Y, Sun L, Bouchard HC, et\u00a0al. Coronavirus disease 2019 versus influenza A in children: an observational control study in China. <i>Biomed Environ Sci<\/i>. 2020;33(8):614\u2013619."},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES. Recommendations for prevention and control of influenza in children, 2017\u20132018. Pediatrics. 2017;140(4):e20172550. <i>Pediatrics<\/i>. 2018;141(1):e20173535.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-3535"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Saha S, Chadha M, Al Mamun A, et\u00a0al. Influenza seasonality and vaccination timing in tropical and subtropical areas of southern and south-eastern Asia. <i>Bull World Health Organ<\/i>. 2014;92(5):318\u2013330.","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.13.124412"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24. Zheng L, Qi J, Wu J, Zheng M. Changes in influenza activity and circulating subtypes during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. <i>Front Med (Lausanne)<\/i>. 2022;9:829799.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.829799"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25. Foley DA, Yeoh DK, Minney-Smith CA, et\u00a0al. The interseasonal resurgence of respiratory syncytial virus in Australian children following the reduction of coronavirus disease 2019-related public health measures. <i>Clin Infect Dis<\/i>. 2021;73(9):e2829\u2013e2830.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1906"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26. Cai J, Ruan J, Lin Q, Ren T, Chen L. China faces the challenge of influenza A virus, including H3N8, in the post-COVID-19 era. <i>J Infect<\/i>. 2023;87(2):e39\u2013e41.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.06.004"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27. Goyal LD, Garg P, Verma M, Kaur N, Bakshi D, Arora J. Effect of restrictions imposed due to COVID-19 pandemic on the antenatal care and pregnancy outcomes: a prospective observational study from rural North India. <i>BMJ Open<\/i>. 2022;12(4):e059701.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-059701"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. Hassan MA, Aliyu S. Delayed access to COVID-19 vaccines: a perspective on low-income countries in Africa. <i>Int J Health Serv<\/i>. 2022;52(3):323\u2013329.","DOI":"10.1177\/00207314221096365"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29. Koutsakos M, Wheatley AK, Laurie K, Kent SJ, Rockman S. Influenza lineage extinction during the COVID-19 pandemic? <i>Nat Rev Microbiol<\/i>. 2021;19(12):741\u2013742.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00642-4"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30. Paget J, Caini S, Del Riccio M, van Waarden W, Meijer A. Has influenza B\/Yamagata become extinct and what implications might this have for quadrivalent influenza vaccines? <i>Euro Surveill<\/i>. 2022;27(39):2200753.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.39.2200753"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31. Tang CY, Boftsi M, Staudt L, et\u00a0al. SARS-CoV-2 and influenza co-infection: a cross-sectional study in central Missouri during the 2021\u20132022 influenza season. <i>Virology<\/i>. 2022;576:105\u2013110.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2022.09.009"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32. Guan Z, Chen C, Li Y, et\u00a0al. Impact of coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza on disease severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. <i>Front Public Health<\/i>. 2021;9:773130.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.773130"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33. Karako K, Song P, Chen Y, Karako T. Trends in managing COVID-19 from an emerging infectious disease to a common respiratory infectious disease: What are the subsequent impacts on and new challenges for healthcare systems? <i>Biosci Trends<\/i>. 2022;16(6):381\u2013385.","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2022.01526"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34. Luo M, Sun J, Gong Z, Wang Z. What is always necessary throughout efforts to prevent and control COVID-19 and other infectious diseases? A physical containment strategy and public mobilization and management. <i>Biosci Trends<\/i>. 2021;15(3):188\u2013191.","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2021.01218"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jea\/36\/7\/36_JE20250453\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T04:50:48Z","timestamp":1783745448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jea\/36\/7\/36_JE20250453\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2188\/jea.je20250453","relation":{},"ISSN":["0917-5040","1349-9092"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0917-5040","type":"print"},{"value":"1349-9092","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]]},"article-number":"JE20250453"}}