{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T05:53:14Z","timestamp":1791006794750,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Japan Epidemiological Association","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2188\/jea.je20260009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:09:17Z","timestamp":1777673357000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["North\u2013South Disparities in Multimorbidity Revealed by Association Rule and Sequential Pattern Mining: Evidence From the China National Health Survey (CNHS)"],"prefix":"10.2188","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8818-8329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhili","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences &amp; School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaoda","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences &amp; School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences &amp; School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8076-0338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiong","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yawen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health of Jilin University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences &amp; School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiming","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision and Intelligence Medical Imaging Lab, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zichao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences &amp; School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences &amp; School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences &amp; School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhujie","family":"Ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences &amp; School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences &amp; School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangliang","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences &amp; School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases"},{"name":"School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"991","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1. Skou ST, Mair FS, Fortin M, et\u00a0al. Multimorbidity. <i>Nat Rev Dis Primers<\/i>. 2022;8(1):48.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-022-00376-4"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Makovski TT, Schmitz S, Zeegers MP, Stranges S, van den Akker M. Multimorbidity and quality of life: systematic literature review and meta-analysis. <i>Ageing Res Rev<\/i>. 2019;53:100903.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2019.04.005"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Nunes BP, Flores TR, Mielke GI, Thum\u00e9 E, Facchini LA. Multimorbidity and mortality in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. <i>Arch Gerontol Geriatr<\/i>. 2016;67:130\u2013138.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2016.07.008"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Jani BD, Hanlon P, Nicholl BI, et\u00a0al. Relationship between multimorbidity, demographic factors and mortality: findings from the UK Biobank cohort. <i>BMC Med<\/i>. 2019;17:74.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1305-x"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Hu Y, Wang Z, He H, Pan L, Tu J, Shan G. Prevalence and patterns of multimorbidity in China during 2002\u20132022: a systematic review and meta-analysis. <i>Ageing Res Rev<\/i>. 2024;93:102165.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.102165"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Zeng Q, Zhou J, Meng Q, et\u00a0al; China Multi-Ethnic Cohort (CMEC) collaborative group. Environmental inequalities and multimorbidity: insights from the Southwest China Multi-Ethnic Cohort Study. <i>Sci Total Environ<\/i>. 2024;908:167744.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167744"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Chen C, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Zhong P, Su B, Zheng X. Socioeconomic, health services, and multimorbidity disparities in Chinese older adults. <i>Am J Prev Med<\/i>. 2024;66:735\u2013743.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.12.012"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Zhang C, Xiao S, Shi L, et\u00a0al. Urban-rural differences in patterns and associated factors of multimorbidity among older adults in China: a cross-sectional study based on apriori algorithm and multinomial logistic regression. <i>Front Public Health<\/i>. 2021;9:707062.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.707062"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Yao SS, Cao GY, Han L, et\u00a0al. Prevalence and patterns of multimorbidity in a nationally representative sample of older Chinese: results from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. <i>J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci<\/i>. 2020;75:1974\u20131980.","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz185"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Ma H, Huang Q, Zhang H, et\u00a0al. Discovering sequential patterns and interrelations among multiple diseases in electronic medical records using cSPADE algorithm. <i>Arch Public Health<\/i>. 2025;83:100.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-025-01589-1"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Campbell EA, Qian T, Miller JM, Bass EJ, Masino AJ. Identification of temporal condition patterns associated with pediatric obesity incidence using sequence mining and big data. <i>Int J Obes (Lond)<\/i>. 2020;44:1753\u20131765.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-020-0614-7"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26. Zhou M, Wang H, Zeng X, et\u00a0al. Mortality, morbidity, and risk factors in China and its provinces, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. <i>Lancet<\/i>. 2019;394:1145\u20131158.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30427-1"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27. Zhang M, Shi Y, Zhou B, et\u00a0al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in China, 2004\u201318: findings from six rounds of a national survey. <i>BMJ<\/i>. 2023;380:e071952.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-071952"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29. Johnson RJ, Bakris GL, Borghi C, et\u00a0al. Hyperuricemia, acute and chronic kidney disease, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease: report of a scientific workshop organized by the National Kidney Foundation. <i>Am J Kidney Dis<\/i>. 2018;71:851\u2013865.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2017.12.009"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30. Inker LA, Eneanya ND, Coresh J, et\u00a0al. New creatinine- and cystatin C-based equations to estimate GFR without race. <i>N Engl J Med<\/i>. 2021;385:1737\u20131749.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102953"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Blood Pressure Work Group. KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Blood Pressure in Chronic Kidney Disease. <i>Kidney Int<\/i>. 2021;99:S1\u2013S87.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.11.003"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34. Han S, Mo G, Gao T, Sun Q, Liu H, Zhang M. Age, sex, residence, and region-specific differences in prevalence and patterns of multimorbidity among older Chinese: evidence from Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. <i>BMC Public Health<\/i>. 2022;22:1116.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13506-0"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36. Wang W, Jiang B, Sun H, et\u00a0al. Prevalence, incidence, and mortality of stroke in China: results from a nationwide population-based survey of 480 687 adults. <i>Circulation<\/i>. 2017;135:759\u2013771.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025250"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"37. Zhang G, Yu C, Zhou M, Wang L, Zhang Y, Luo L. Burden of Ischaemic heart disease and attributable risk factors in China from 1990 to 2015: findings from the global burden of disease 2015 study. <i>BMC Cardiovasc Disord<\/i>. 2018;18:18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-018-0761-0"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"40. Wang M, Huang Y, Song Y, Chen J, Liu X. Study on environmental and lifestyle factors for the north\u2013south differential of cardiovascular disease in China. <i>Front Public Health<\/i>. 2021;9:615152.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.615152"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"59. Im PK, Wright N, Yang L, et\u00a0al. Alcohol consumption and risks of more than 200 diseases in Chinese men. <i>Nat Med<\/i>. 2023;29:1476\u20131486.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02383-8"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"62. Wang T, He C. Pro-inflammatory cytokines: the link between obesity and osteoarthritis. <i>Cytokine Growth Factor Rev<\/i>. 2018;44:38\u201350.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2018.10.002"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Soley-Bori M, Ashworth M, Bisquera A, et\u00a0al. Impact of multimorbidity on healthcare costs and utilisation: a systematic review of the UK literature. <i>Br J Gen Pract<\/i>. 2021;71:e39\u2013e46.","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp20X713897"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Fan J, Sun Z, Yu C, et\u00a0al. Multimorbidity patterns and association with mortality in 0.5 million Chinese adults. <i>Chin Med J (Engl)<\/i>. 2022;135:648\u2013657.","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000001985"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Chowdhury SR, Chandra Das D, Sunna TC, Beyene J, Hossain A. Global and regional prevalence of multimorbidity in the adult population in community settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. <i>EClinicalMedicine<\/i>. 2023;57:101860.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101860"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Li X, Wu C, Lu J, et\u00a0al. Cardiovascular risk factors in China: a nationwide population-based cohort study. <i>Lancet Public Health<\/i>. 2020;5:e672\u2013e681.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30191-2"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Xue X, Wang Z, Qi Y, et\u00a0al. Multimorbidity patterns and influencing factors in older Chinese adults: a national population-based cross-sectional survey. <i>J Glob Health<\/i>. 2025;15:04051.","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.15.04051"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Held FP, Blyth F, Gnjidic D, et\u00a0al. Association rules analysis of comorbidity and multimorbidity: the Concord Health and Aging in Men Project. <i>J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci<\/i>. 2016;71:625\u2013631.","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glv181"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Piacenza F, Di Rosa M, Soraci L, et\u00a0al. Interactions between patterns of multimorbidity and functional status among hospitalized older patients: a novel approach using cluster analysis and association rule mining. <i>J Transl Med<\/i>. 2024;22:669.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05444-9"},{"key":"30","unstructured":"17. El Khalifa RA, Yew PY, Chi CL. Detecting multimorbidity patterns with association rule mining in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias. <i>AMIA Jt Summits Transl Sci Proc<\/i>. 2024;2024:525\u2013534."},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Wang Y, Hou W, Wang F. Mining co-occurrence and sequence patterns from cancer diagnoses in New York State. <i>PLoS One<\/i>. 2018;13:e0194407.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194407"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Yang Q, Luo T, Zhang W, Zhong X, He P, Zheng H. Data-driven treatment pathways mining for early breast cancer using cSPADE algorithm and system clustering. <i>Int J Health Plann Manage<\/i>. 2022;37:2569\u20132584.","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3483"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. He H, Pan L, Pa L, et\u00a0al. Data Resource Profile: The China National Health Survey (CNHS). <i>Int J Epidemiol<\/i>. 2018;47:1734\u20131735f.","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy151"},{"key":"34","unstructured":"23. Technical Series on Safer Primary Care: Multimorbidity. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241511650. Accessed 04.06.2025."},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24. Ho ISS, Azcoaga-Lorenzo A, Akbari A, et\u00a0al. Measuring multimorbidity in research: Delphi consensus study. <i>BMJ Med<\/i>. 2022;1:e000247.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmed-2022-000247"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25. Ho ISS, Azcoaga-Lorenzo A, Akbari A, et\u00a0al. Examining variation in the measurement of multimorbidity in research: a systematic review of 566 studies. <i>Lancet Public Health<\/i>. 2021;6:e587\u2013e597.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00107-9"},{"key":"37","unstructured":"28. Chinese Elderly Type 2 Diabetes Prevention and Treatment of Clinical Guidelines Writing Group; Geriatric Endocrinology and Metabolism Branch of Chinese Geriatric Society; Geriatric Endocrinology and Metabolism Branch of Chinese Geriatric Health Care Society; Geriatric Professional Committee of Beijing Medical Award Foundation; National Clinical Medical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases (PLA General Hospital). [Clinical guidelines for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderly in China (2022 edition)]. <i>Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi<\/i>. 2022;61:12\u201350."},{"key":"38","unstructured":"32. Guideline on haemoglobin cutoffs to define anaemia in individuals and populations. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024."},{"key":"39","unstructured":"33. Verma N, Mehta N. Sequential Pattern Mining: A Comparison between GSP, SPADE and Prefix SPAN. https:\/\/rjwave.org\/ijedr\/viewpaperforall.php?paper=IJEDR1403022; 2014 Accessed 08.06.2025."},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35. Tu WJ, Wang LD; Special Writing Group of China Stroke Surveillance Report. China stroke surveillance report 2021. <i>Mil Med Res<\/i>. 2023;10:33.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-023-00463-x"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"38. Wang L, Xu X, Zhang M, et\u00a0al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in China: results from the Sixth China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance. <i>JAMA Intern Med<\/i>. 2023;183:298\u2013310.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2022.6817"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"39. Jia W, Yu R, Wang L, et\u00a0al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease among Chinese adults with diabetes: a nationwide population-based cross-sectional study. <i>Lancet Reg Health West Pac<\/i>. 2025;55:101463.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2024.101463"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41. Wang FL, Wang WZ, Zhang FF, et\u00a0al. Heat exposure and hospitalizations for chronic kidney disease in China: a nationwide time series study in 261 major Chinese cities. <i>Mil Med Res<\/i>. 2023;10(1):41.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-023-00478-4"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"43. Bello AK, Alrukhaimi M, Ashuntantang GE, et\u00a0al. Complications of chronic kidney disease: current state, knowledge gaps, and strategy for action. <i>Kidney Int Suppl (2011)<\/i>. 2017;7:122\u2013129.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2017.07.007"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"44. Al Husain A, Bruce IN. Risk factors for coronary heart disease in connective tissue diseases. <i>Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis<\/i>. 2010;2:145\u2013153.","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X10365301"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"45. Zhou E, Wu J, Zhou X, Yin Y. Systemic inflammatory biomarkers are novel predictors of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in individuals with osteoarthritis: a prospective cohort study using data from the NHANES. <i>BMC Public Health<\/i>. 2024;24:1586.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19105-5"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"47. Schiltz N, Hu Y, Foradori M, Bailey JC. Sequential patterns of multimorbidity in a nationally representative cohort study of aging. <i>Innov Aging<\/i>. 2020;4:222\u2013223.","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igaa057.718"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"50. Kang Q, Kang G, Li R, Zhu X, Yu Y, Yu Q. Relationship of gallbladder diseases with sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, and chronic diseases in northeastern China. <i>Int J Environ Res Public Health<\/i>. 2018;15:2596.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15112596"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"51. Yuan S, Chen J, Ruan X, et\u00a0al. Smoking, alcohol consumption, and 24 gastrointestinal diseases: Mendelian randomization analysis. <i>Elife<\/i>. 2023;12:e84051.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.84051"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"52. Ma R, Yan M, Han P, et\u00a0al. Deficiency and excess of groundwater iodine and their health associations. <i>Nat Commun<\/i>. 2022;13:7354.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35042-6"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"54. Liu Y, Chen Y, Liao B, et\u00a0al. Epidemiology of urolithiasis in Asia. <i>Asian J Urol<\/i>. 2018;5:205\u2013214.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajur.2018.08.007"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"55. Golde DW, Bersch N, Chopra IJ, Cline MJ. Thyroid hormones stimulate erythropoiesis in vitro. <i>Br J Haematol<\/i>. 1977;37:173\u2013177.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1977.tb06833.x"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"56. Kim SY, Song CM, Lim H, Lim MS, Bang W, Choi HG. Bidirectional association between gallstones and renal stones: two longitudinal follow-up studies using a national sample cohort. <i>Sci Rep<\/i>. 2019;9:2620.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38964-2"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"57. Rong P, Chen Y, Dang Y, et\u00a0al. Geographical specific association between lifestyles and multimorbidity among adults in China. <i>PLoS One<\/i>. 2023;18:e0286401.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286401"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"58. Huang Q, Lan X, Chen H, et\u00a0al. Association between genetic predisposition and disease burden of stroke in China: a genetic epidemiological study. <i>Lancet Reg Health West Pac<\/i>. 2023;36:100779.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2023.100779"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"60. Fang Y, Xia J, Lian Y, et\u00a0al. The burden of cardiovascular disease attributable to dietary risk factors in the provinces of China, 2002\u20132018: a nationwide population-based study. <i>Lancet Reg Health West Pac<\/i>. 2023;37:100784.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2023.100784"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"61. Hu PJ, Ley SH, Bhupathiraju SN, Li Y, Wang DD. Associations of dietary, lifestyle, and sociodemographic factors with iron status in Chinese adults: a cross-sectional study in the China Health and Nutrition Survey. <i>Am J Clin Nutr<\/i>. 2017;105:503\u2013512.","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.136861"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"63. Sun X, Zhen X, Hu X, et\u00a0al. Osteoarthritis in the middle-aged and elderly in China: prevalence and influencing factors. <i>Int J Environ Res Public Health<\/i>. 2019;16:4701.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16234701"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"42. Lu TY, Zhang WS, Zhu T, et\u00a0al. Associations of meat, fish and seafood consumption with kidney function in middle-aged to older Chinese: a cross-sectional study based on the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. <i>BMJ Open<\/i>. 2023;13:e073738.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-073738"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"46. Vareldzis R, Perez A, Reisin E. Hyperuricemia: an intriguing connection to metabolic syndrome, diabetes, kidney disease, and hypertension. <i>Curr Hypertens Rep<\/i>. 2024;26:237\u2013245.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-024-01295-3"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"48. Fortin M, Stewart M, Poitras ME, Almirall J, Maddocks H. A systematic review of prevalence studies on multimorbidity: toward a more uniform methodology. <i>Ann Fam Med<\/i>. 2012;10:142\u2013151.","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1337"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"49. Zhang Y, Zhou L, Liu S, et\u00a0al. Prevalence, correlates and outcomes of multimorbidity among the middle-aged and elderly: findings from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. <i>Arch Gerontol Geriatr<\/i>. 2020;90:104135.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2020.104135"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"53. Zhu Y, Tong M, Wang Y, et\u00a0al. Prevalence of thyroid nodules and its association with water iodine among Chinese men and women. <i>Environ Res<\/i>. 2022;212:113270.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113270"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jea\/advpub\/0\/advpub_JE20260009\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T05:07:47Z","timestamp":1791004067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jea\/advpub\/0\/advpub_JE20260009\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":63,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2188\/jea.je20260009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0917-5040","1349-9092"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0917-5040","type":"print"},{"value":"1349-9092","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"JE20260009"}}