{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T05:25:43Z","timestamp":1787376343216,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Japan Epidemiological Association","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2188\/jea.je20260213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T22:10:47Z","timestamp":1787350247000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Social media use is associated with lower COVID-19 booster uptake in Japan"],"prefix":"10.2188","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7384-1113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuko","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Teikyo University Graduate School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaru","family":"Nohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Welfare, Iwate Prefectural Government"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Kanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Welfare, Iwate Prefectural Government"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0238-8320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Akasaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Iwate Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1264-0684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kozo","family":"Tanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Iwate Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ichiro","family":"Kawachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard. T.H. Chan School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"991","reference":[{"key":"1","unstructured":"1. Novel Coronavirus Vaccines . Tokyo: Prime Minister&apos;s Office of Japan; 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.kantei.go.jp\/jp\/headline\/kansensho\/vaccine.html"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Wake AD. The Willingness to Receive COVID-19 Vaccine and Its Associated Factors: &quot;Vaccination Refusal Could Prolong the War of This Pandemic&quot; - A Systematic Review. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2021;14:2609-23.","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S311074"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Cascini F, Pantovic A, Al-Ajlouni Y, Failla G, Ricciardi W. Attitudes, acceptance and hesitancy among the general population worldwide to receive the COVID-19 vaccines and their contributing factors: A systematic review. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;40:101113.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101113"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Takahashi S, Takahashi N, Nohara M, Kawachi I. Vaccine Hesitancy and COVID-19 Risk Behaviors Associated with Social Media Use in Japan. Health Systems &amp; Reform. 2024.","DOI":"10.1080\/23288604.2024.2377070"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. McKinley CJ, Limbu Y. Promoter or barrier? Assessing how social media predicts Covid-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy: A systematic review of primary series and booster vaccine investigations. Social Science &amp; Medicine. 2024;340:116378.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116378"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Chen YL, Lin YJ, Chang YP, Chou WJ, Yen CF. Differences in the Protection Motivation Theory Constructs between People with Various Latent Classes of Motivation for Vaccination and Preventive Behaviors against COVID-19 in Taiwan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18137042"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Ayyalasomayajula S, Dhawan A, Karattuthodi MS, Thorakkattil SA, Abdulsalim S, Elnaem MH, et al. A Systematic Review on Sociodemographic, Financial and Psychological Factors Associated with COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Hesitancy among Adult Population. Vaccines (Basel). 2023;11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11030623"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Uchida S, Uno S, Kondo M, Uwamino Y, Namkoong H, Nishimura T, et al. Factors affecting motivation for receiving a booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine among Japanese university students and staff: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Scientific Reports. 2024;14:8009.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58603-9"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Moore R, Purvis RS, Willis DE, Li J, Selig JP, Ross J, et al. Influences on COVID-19 booster uptake among adults intending to receive a booster: a qualitative study. Health Promotion International. 2024;39:daae067.","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daae067"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Taira K, Shiomi M, Nakabe T, Imanaka Y. The Association Between COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake and Information-Seeking Behaviors Using the Internet: Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study. J Med Internet Res. 2025;27:e59352.","DOI":"10.2196\/59352"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Wang R, Chenyuan Q, Min D, Qiao L, Liyuan T, and Liu J. The association between social media use and hesitancy toward COVID-19 vaccine booster shots in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Human Vaccines &amp; Immunotherapeutics. 2022;18:2065167.","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2065167"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Ma H, Lee EWJ, Xie L, Lee HH, Hui KH, Mo PKH, et al. Examining the roles of social media information exposure and seeking on COVID-19 vaccination through the S-O-R model: A two-wave panel in Hong Kong. Computers in Human Behavior. 2024;157:108243.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2024.108243"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Qin C, Yan W, Du M, Liu Q, Tao L, Liu M, et al. Acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine booster dose and associated factors among the elderly in China based on the health belief model (HBM): A national cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Public Health. 2022;Volume 10 - 2022.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.986916"},{"key":"14","unstructured":"14. Cumulative number of infected persons per prefecture . Tokyo: NHK; 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www3.nhk.or.jp\/news\/special\/coronavirus\/data\/"},{"key":"15","unstructured":"15. Vaccination Schedule for the COVID-19 . Tokyo: Prime Minister\u2019s Office of Japan; 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.kantei.go.jp\/jp\/headline\/kansensho\/vaccine_supply.html"},{"key":"16","unstructured":"16. Vaccination situation in Japan . Tokyo: NHK; 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www3.nhk.or.jp\/news\/special\/coronavirus\/vaccine\/progress\/"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Chen J, Xia S, Lin T. A framework of moderators in social norm-based message persuasiveness based on a systematic review. Human Communication Research. 2023;50:285-98.","DOI":"10.1093\/hcr\/hqad043"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Rogers RW. A Protection Motivation Theory of Fear Appeals and Attitude Change1. The Journal of Psychology. 1975;91:93-114.","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.1975.9915803"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Cato S, Iida T, Ishida K, Ito A, Katsumata H, McElwain KM, et al. The bright and dark sides of social media usage during the COVID-19 pandemic: Survey evidence from Japan. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 2021;54:102034.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2020.102034"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Skafle I, Nordahl-Hansen A, Quintana DS, Wynn R, Gabarron E. Misinformation About COVID-19 Vaccines on Social Media: Rapid Review. J Med Internet Res. 2022;24:e37367.","DOI":"10.2196\/37367"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Nelson V, Bashyal B, Tan P-N, Argyris YA. Vaccine rhetoric on social media and COVID-19 vaccine uptake rates: A triangulation using self-reported vaccine acceptance. Social Science &amp; Medicine. 2024;348:116775.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.116775"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. Yuka T, Yuri N, Towa S, Takeaki U, Takako H, Masashi T, et al. Evolution of COVID-19 Vaccination-related Topics on Twitter Analysis based on Hypothesis Building through Reading of Tweets. Transactions of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence. 2024;39:C-N93_1-10.","DOI":"10.1527\/tjsai.39-5_C-N93"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Kobayashi R, Takedomi Y, Nakayama Y, Suda T, Uno T, Hashimoto T, et al. Evolution of Public Opinion on COVID-19 Vaccination in Japan: Large-Scale Twitter Data Analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2022;24:e41928.","DOI":"10.2196\/41928"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24. Miyazaki K, Uchiba T, Tanaka K, Sasahara K. Aggressive behaviour of anti-vaxxers and their toxic replies in English and Japanese. Humanit Soc Sci Commun. 2022;9:229.","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-022-01245-x"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25. Seah M, Iwakuma M. A quantitative content analysis of topical characteristics of the online COVID-19 infodemic in the United States and Japan. BMC Public Health. 2024;24:2447.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19813-y"},{"key":"26","unstructured":"26. R Report on Information Circulation Survey on COVID-19 . Tokyo: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications; 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.soumu.go.jp\/main_content\/000693280.pdf"},{"key":"27","unstructured":"27. Governor Koike Appears in Hikakin Video, Urging Young People to Take COVID-19 Precautions . Japan: JCAST News; c2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.j-cast.com\/2020\/04\/10384078.html"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. Phuong Do D, Frank R. Prior COVID-19 infection: an underappreciated factor in vaccine hesitancy in the USA. J Public Health (Oxf). 2022;44:471-4.","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdab404"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29. Vermeiren E, van Loenhout JAF, Nasiadka L, Stouten V, Billuart M, Van Evercooren I, et al. Factors underlying COVID-19 booster vaccine uptake among adults in Belgium. BMC Research Notes. 2023;16:328.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-023-06608-4"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30. Burgoon JK. Expectancy Violations Theory. The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication; 2015. p. 1-9.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118540190.wbeic102"},{"key":"31","unstructured":"31. Xu W, Takai J. Expectancy violation theory on Social media and relationships: A selective review. 2019:0-00."},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32. Waterschoot J, Van Oost P, Vansteenkiste M, Brisbois M, Schmitz M, Morb\u00e9e S, et al. Who is motivated to accept a booster and annual dose? A dimensional and person-centered approach. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being. 2023;15:1293-318.","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12437"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33. Takahashi S, Takahashi N, Sasaki S, Nohara M, Kawachi I. Occupational Disparities in COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Japan. Social Science and Medicine Population Health. 2022;19:101226.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101226"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jea\/advpub\/0\/advpub_JE20260213\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T04:49:41Z","timestamp":1787374181000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jea\/advpub\/0\/advpub_JE20260213\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":33,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2188\/jea.je20260213","relation":{},"ISSN":["0917-5040","1349-9092"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0917-5040","type":"print"},{"value":"1349-9092","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"JE20260213"}}