{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T05:41:00Z","timestamp":1792215660195,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Japan Epidemiological Association","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2188\/jea.je20260237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:11:34Z","timestamp":1792188694000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term Age- and Region-Specific Changes in Psychiatric Service Utilization Following Japan\u2019s First COVID-19 State of Emergency"],"prefix":"10.2188","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4238-1265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuko","family":"Kachi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5851-8919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Okumura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Initiative for Clinical Epidemiological Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Usuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Mental Health Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisateru","family":"Tachimori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, Keio University School of Medicine"},{"name":"Department of Information Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadashi","family":"Takeshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Regional Development, Taisho University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9349-3294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Nishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoaki","family":"Kuroda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Mental Health Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"991","reference":[{"key":"1","unstructured":"1. COVID-19 Excess Mortality Collaborators. Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020-2021. Lancet. 2022;399:1513-36."},{"key":"2","unstructured":"2. COVID-19 Mental Disorders Collaborators. Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2021;398:1700-1712."},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Both LM, Zoratto G, Calegaro VC, Ramos-Lima LF, Negretto BL, Hauck S, et al. COVID-19 pandemic and social distancing: economic, psychological, family, and technological effects. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2021;43:85-91.","DOI":"10.47626\/2237-6089-2020-0085"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Witteveen AB, Young SY, Cuijpers P, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Barbui C, Bertolini F, et al. COVID-19 and common mental health symptoms in the early phase of the pandemic: An umbrella review of the evidence. PLoS Med. 2023;20:e1004206.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004206"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Zima BT, Edgcomb JB, Rodean J, Cochran SD, Harle CA, Pathak J, et al. Use of acute mental health care in U.S. children's hospitals before and after statewide COVID-19 school closure orders. Psychiatr Serv. 2022;73:1202-1209.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.202100582"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. McBain RK, Cantor J, Pera MF, Breslau J, Bravata DM, Whaley CM. Mental health service utilization rates among commercially insured adults in the US during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Health Forum. 2023;4:e224936.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2022.4936"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Joo SW, Kim H, Jo YT, Ahn S, Choi YJ, Choi W, et al. Impact of the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use of mental health services in South Korea: a nationwide, health insurance data-based study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2023;58:441-452.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-022-02382-z"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Botsari IA, Papatsoris A, Argitis P, Economou NT, Peritogiannis V. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital admissions in a psychiatric ward in a general hospital in Greece. Psychiatriki. 2024;35:269-281.","DOI":"10.22365\/jpsych.2024.018"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Khan JR, Hu N, Lin PI, Eapen V, Nassar N, John J, et al. COVID-19 and pediatric mental health hospitalizations. Pediatrics. 2023;151(5): e2022058948.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-058948"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Evensen M, Hart RK, Godoy AA, Hauge LJ, Lund IO, Knudsen AKS, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental healthcare consultations among children and adolescents in Norway: a nationwide registry study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2023;32:1025-1035.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-022-02046-y"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Burrell TD, Kim S, Mohadikar K, Jonas C, Ortiz N, Horberg MA. Family structure and adolescent mental health service utilization during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health. 2023;73:693-700.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2023.01.018"},{"key":"12","unstructured":"12. Roumeliotis N, Carwana M, Trudeau O, Charland K, Zinszer K, Benigeri M, et al. Mental health hospitalizations in Canadian children, adolescents, and young adults over the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7:e2422833."},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Talarico F, Metes D, Wang M, Hayward J, Liu YS, Tian J, et al. Six-year (2016-2022) longitudinal patterns of mental health service utilization rates among children developmentally vulnerable in kindergarten and the COVID-19 pandemic disruption. PLOS Digit Health. 2024;3:e0000611.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000611"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Fond G, Pauly V, Brousse Y, Llorca PM, Cortese S, Rahmati M, et al. Mental health care utilization and prescription rates among children, adolescents, and young adults in France. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8:e2452789.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.52789"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Duden GS, Gersdorf S, Stengler K. Global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health services: A systematic review. J Psychiatr Res. 2022;154:354-377.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.08.013"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Perozziello A, Sousa D, Aubriot B, Dauriac-Le Masson V. Use of mental health services in the aftermath of COVID-19 waves: a retrospective study conducted in a French Psychiatric and Neurosciences University Hospital. BMJ Open. 2023;13:e064305.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-064305"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Endo F, Hiramatsu Y, Ide H. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on utilization of mental health services among children and adolescents using an interrupted time series analysis. Sci Rep. 2025;15:2411.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-87072-x"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Zanti S, Ma C. Prevalence and changes in usage of mental health services for Rhode Island children and youth before, during, and after onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatr Q. 2025;96:91-116.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-024-10103-9"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Kim KH, Lee SM, Hong M, Han KM, Paik JW. Changes in mental health service utilization before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide database analysis in Korea. Epidemiol Health. 2023;45:e2023022.","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2023022"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Lieber I, Werneke U. Use of mental health services and psychotropic drugs and suicide rates in Sweden before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2025;37:295-305.","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2024.2435985"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Perozziello A, Sta A, Aubriot B, Barruel D, Dauriac-Le Masson V. Transitions in mental health care utilisation at GHU Paris between 2019 and 2024: A post-pandemic perspective. Psychiatry Res. 2025;348:116482.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116482"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. Abe K, Suzuki K, Miyawaki A, Kawachi I. Impact of COVID-19 on medical utilization for psychiatric conditions in Japan. Soc Sci Med. 2025;367:117763.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.117763"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Kobayashi Y, Shimada Y. Japan case study: balancing saving lives and livelihoods: three painful years under the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. Asian Pac J Health Econ Policy. 2024;7:60-75.","DOI":"10.6011\/apj.2024.04"},{"key":"24","unstructured":"24. Cabinet Public Affairs Office. Press Conference by the Prime Minister Regarding the Declaration of a State of Emergency. https:\/\/japan.kantei.go.jp\/98_abe\/statement\/202004\/_00001.html; 2020 Accessed 10.02.2026."},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25. Kachi Y, Kato T, Nagayoshi M, Abe A. Changes in mental health of adolescents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: comparison by household structure and parental employment. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2026;185:108902.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2026.108902"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26. Omiya T, Deguchi N, Sakata Y, Takata Y, Yamazaki Y. Changes in Japanese junior high school students' sense of coherence before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal study of children and mothers. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:780443.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.780443"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27. Ng TC, Cheng HY, Chang HH, Liu CC, Yang CC, Jian SW, et al. Comparison of estimated effectiveness of case-based and population-based interventions on COVID-19 containment in Taiwan. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181:913-921.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.1644"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. Guo BC, Chen YJ, Huang WY, Lin MJ, Wu HP. Psychological disorders and suicide attempts in youths during the pre-COVID and post-COVID era in a Taiwan pediatric emergency department. Front Psychol. 2023;14:1281806.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1281806"},{"key":"29","unstructured":"29. National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry. National Information on Mental Health and Welfare. https:\/\/www.ncnp.go.jp\/nimh\/seisaku\/data\/; 2025 Accessed 10.02.2026."},{"key":"30","unstructured":"30. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. NDB Open Data. https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/file\/06-Seisakujouhou-12400000-Hokenkyoku\/0000193322.pdf; 2017. Accessed 10.02.2026."},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31. Wagner AK, Soumerai SB, Zhang F, Ross-Degnan D. Segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series studies in medication use research. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2002;27:299-309.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2710.2002.00430.x"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32. Tomioka K, Shima M, Saeki K. Number of public health nurses and COVID-19 incidence rate by variant type: an ecological study of 47 prefectures in Japan. Environ Health Prev Med. 2022;27:18.","DOI":"10.1265\/ehpm.22-00013"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33. Orben A, Tomova L, Blakemore SJ. The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4:634-640.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30186-3"},{"key":"34","unstructured":"34. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. White paper on the labour economy 2021: impact of new coronavirus infections on employment and labor. https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/stf\/wp\/hakusyo\/roudou\/20\/20-1.html Accessed 7.31.2026."},{"key":"35","unstructured":"35. Furuta K, Sasaki Y, Noda S, Shirai M. Presence or absence of depression in community-dwelling elderly people and related factors during the coronavirus pandemic. Journal of Japan Health Medicine Association. 2021;30:449-458. [in Japanese]."},{"key":"36","unstructured":"36. Hanaoka S, Nakanishi K, Hatakeyama Y, Ishikawa K, Abe T, Fukami G, et al. Management of COVID-19 patients on emergency psychiatric wards in Japan: Emergency psychiatric wards during COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatria et Neurologia Japonica. 2024;126:97-105."},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"37. Tanoue Y, Cao A, Koda M, Harada N, Ghaznavi C, Nomura S. Changes in healthcare utilization in Japan in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic: a time series analysis of Japanese national data through November 2023. Healthcare (Basel). 2024;12(22):2307.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12222307"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"38. Katsumata Y, Okano T, Takeshima T, Igarashi Y. Exploring factors associated with increased suicides during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: A study using data from postmortem examinations conducted in an urban area. PCN Rep. 2024;3:e70005.","DOI":"10.1002\/pcn5.70005"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"39. Yamauchi T, Hashimoto K, Shimazaki T, Suka M, Takeshima T. Analysis of all non-fatal self-harm cases in an urban area of Japan during pre- and peri-pandemic periods of COVID-19: a population-based study. Environ Health Prev Med. 2023;28:65.","DOI":"10.1265\/ehpm.23-00143"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"40. Tanaka T, Okamoto S. Increase in suicide following an initial decline during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. Nat Hum Behav. 2021;5:229-38.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-01042-z"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41. Yoshioka E, Hanley SJB, Sato Y, Saijo Y. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide rates in Japan through December 2021: An interrupted time series analysis. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2022;24:100480.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2022.100480"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"42. Fukumoto K, McClean CT, Nakagawa K. No causal effect of school closures in Japan on the spread of COVID-19 in spring 2020. Nat Med. 2021;27:2111-2119.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01571-8"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jea\/advpub\/0\/advpub_JE20260237\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T05:01:19Z","timestamp":1792213279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jea\/advpub\/0\/advpub_JE20260237\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":42,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2188\/jea.je20260237","relation":{},"ISSN":["0917-5040","1349-9092"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0917-5040","type":"print"},{"value":"1349-9092","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"JE20260237"}}