{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T01:22:42Z","timestamp":1777857762003,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1981,7,1]],"date-time":"1981-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":362793600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Health Serv"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1981,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Extensive research and field work have established that more than 74 million women and female children are mutilated by female genital operations in Africa alone. The operations are also practiced in many parts of the Middle East and, with Moslemization, were introduced into Indonesia and Malaysia where they are performed at the present time in a less damaging form. This paper lists the countries where instances of excision and infibulation have been reported and includes case reports from Sudan, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Nigeria, Mali, Upper Volta, and Senegal. The ethical issues posed by genital mutilation are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2190\/edda-xatl-jpbf-35ry","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,3]],"date-time":"2005-05-03T20:29:23Z","timestamp":1115152163000},"page":"415-430","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Female Genital Mutilation in the World Today: A Global Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fran P.","family":"Hosken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1981,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"bibr1-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","first-page":"178","volume":"5","author":"Shandall A. A.","year":"1967","journal-title":"Sudan Med. J."},{"key":"bibr2-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004947557500500409"},{"key":"bibr3-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","unstructured":"Cook R. Damage to Physical Health from Pharaonic Circumcision (Infibulation) of Females: A Review of the Medical Literature. Paper prepared by the Regional MCH\/NUT Adviser, World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, 1976."},{"key":"bibr4-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004947557800800326"},{"key":"bibr5-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","unstructured":"Hosken F. P. Research document on female genital mutilation prepared for the World Health Organization, 1979 (available from author)."},{"key":"bibr6-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1938.tb11160.x"},{"key":"bibr7-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","volume-title":"Das Weib","author":"Ploss H.","year":"1885"},{"key":"bibr8-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","volume-title":"Hosken Report: Genital and Sexual Mutilation of Females","author":"Hosken F. P.","year":"1979","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr9-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","first-page":"173","volume":"71","author":"Pieters G.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Acta Chir. Belg."},{"key":"bibr10-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","unstructured":"Diarra A. S. Personal communication, March 1977."},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr11-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","first-page":"38","author":"Mali","year":"1977","journal-title":"WIN NEWS"},{"key":"bibr12-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","volume-title":"La Parole aux Negresses","author":"Thiam A.","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr13-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","volume-title":"Personal communication","author":"Imperato J. P.","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr14-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","volume-title":"The impact of social and economic changes in female circumcision","author":"Modawi O.","year":"1974"},{"key":"bibr15-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","unstructured":"Baasher T. A. Psychological Aspects of Female Circumcision. Paper presented at the Vth Obstetrical\/Gynecological Society Congress, Khartoum, Sudan, February 1977."},{"key":"bibr16-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"The Epidemiology of Female Circumcision in the Sudan","author":"El Dareer A.","DOI":"10.1177\/004947558301300114"},{"key":"bibr17-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","first-page":"15","volume":"14","author":"Hansen H. H.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Folk"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr18-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","first-page":"175","volume-title":"MAN, New Ser","volume":"5","author":"Kennedy J. G."},{"key":"bibr19-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","unstructured":"Karim Mahmoud, Ammar Roshdi. Female Circumcision and Sexual Desire. Ain Shams University Press, Cairo, pp. 1\u201339, 1965."},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr20-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","first-page":"87","volume":"23","author":"Huber A.","year":"1966","journal-title":"Acta Trop. (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr21-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","first-page":"41","year":"1976","journal-title":"WIN NEWS"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr22-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","first-page":"35","year":"1977","journal-title":"WIN NEWS"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr23-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","first-page":"40","year":"1976","journal-title":"WIN NEWS"},{"key":"bibr24-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","volume-title":"The Kikuyu Female Circumcision Controversy with Special Reference to the Church Missionary Society's \u201cSphere of Influence.\u201d","author":"Murray J. M.","year":"1974"},{"key":"bibr25-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","volume-title":"Facing Mount Kenya","author":"Kenyatta J.","year":"1965"},{"issue":"7","key":"bibr26-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","first-page":"44","author":"Bruce-Chwatt L.","year":"1976","journal-title":"World Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr27-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","first-page":"41","year":"1975","journal-title":"WIN NEWS"},{"key":"bibr28-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(64)90550-2"},{"key":"bibr29-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","unstructured":"Ogunmodede E. Circumcision. DRUM (Nigeria), p. 15, 1977."},{"key":"bibr30-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","volume-title":"Excision en milieu Bambare (Excision at the Bambara in Mali)","author":"Diallo A.","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr31-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","first-page":"13","volume":"2","author":"Taoko J. G.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Famille et Developpement"},{"key":"bibr32-EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","unstructured":"Letter sent by author to Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim, United Nations, New York; and to Division of Human Rights, United Nations, Geneva, with signatures of many thousands of concerned women and men from all over the world."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Health Services"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.2190\/EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.2190\/EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:01:18Z","timestamp":1777507278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.2190\/EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1981,7]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1981,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2190\/EDDA-XATL-JPBF-35RY"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2190\/edda-xatl-jpbf-35ry","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7314","1541-4469"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7314","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-4469","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1981,7]]}}}