{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T01:23:08Z","timestamp":1777857788187,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]],"date-time":"2008-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1214870400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Health Serv"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The disaster at the Chernobyl power reactor near Kiev, which began on April 26, 1986, was one of the world's worst industrial accidents. Yet the global community, usually most generous in its aid to a stricken community, has been slow to understand the scope of the disaster and reach out to the most devastated people of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia. This article probes the causes of this confusion of perception and failure of response; clearly the problem is one of communication. Has the International Atomic Energy Agency betrayed the victims of the Chernobyl disaster because of its plans to promote the \u201cpeaceful atom\u201d nuclear program in the developing world? Has the World Health Organization failed to provide clear, reliable information on the health effects resulting from the disaster? Are other historical problems or actors interfering with reasonable handling of the late effects of a nuclear disaster? Most importantly, what can be done to remedy this situation, to assist those most hurt by the late effects of Chernobyl and prevent such injustice in future? With the current promotion of nuclear energy as a \u201csolution\u201d to global climate change, we need to take a sober second look at the nuclear energy experiment and management of its hazards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2190\/hs.38.3.i","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,15]],"date-time":"2008-07-15T08:30:32Z","timestamp":1216110632000},"page":"543-560","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Chernobyl: An Unbelievable Failure to Help"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Rosalie","family":"Bertell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-HS.38.3.i","volume-title":"Handbook for Estimating the Health Effects from Exposure to Ionizing Radiation","author":"Bertell R.","year":"1986","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr2-HS.38.3.i","volume":"14","author":"Bertell R.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Environ. Health Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr3-HS.38.3.i","first-page":"49","volume":"16","author":"Bertell R.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ. Awareness (International Society of Naturalists, India)"},{"key":"bibr4-HS.38.3.i","unstructured":"Bertell R. Internal bone seeking radionuclides and monocyte counts. Int. Perspect. Public Health 9, 1993."},{"key":"bibr5-HS.38.3.i","unstructured":"Webster P. Lessons from Chernobyl. New York Times, June 8, 2003 (\n                      Nation\n                      , June 23, 2003)."},{"key":"bibr6-HS.38.3.i","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baverstock K. F. Nature 359, September 3, 1992.","DOI":"10.1038\/359021b0"},{"key":"bibr7-HS.38.3.i","volume-title":"WHO Calls for More Aid to Help Child Thyroid Victims.","author":"Baverstock K. F.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr8-HS.38.3.i","unstructured":"Chernobyl Chronicle (Children of Chernobyl Relief and Development Fund Newsletter), 38(spring), 2007."},{"key":"bibr9-HS.38.3.i","volume-title":"Atoms for Peace","author":"Eisenhower D.","year":"1953"},{"key":"bibr10-HS.38.3.i","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.10.5426"},{"key":"bibr11-HS.38.3.i","volume-title":"Chernobyl 20 Years Later: The Crime without Punishment.","author":"Yaroshinskaya A.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr12-HS.38.3.i","volume-title":"Biological Hazards of Atomic Energy.","author":"Haddoe A.","year":"1952"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr13-HS.38.3.i","first-page":"21","volume":"2","author":"Bertell R.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Humanitarian Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr14-HS.38.3.i","volume":"21","author":"1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. ICRP"},{"key":"bibr15-HS.38.3.i","unstructured":"Committee Membership Information on National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Research Programs, p. 484, para. 157."},{"key":"bibr16-HS.38.3.i","unstructured":"U.S. National Academy of Science. BEIR III Report, p. 369. Washington, DC, 1980."},{"key":"bibr17-HS.38.3.i","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowell P. The clonal evolution of tumor cell populations. Science, October 1976.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.959840"},{"key":"bibr18-HS.38.3.i","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3579454"},{"key":"bibr19-HS.38.3.i","unstructured":"Radiat. Res. 137, 1994."},{"key":"bibr20-HS.38.3.i","volume-title":"Biological Hazards of Atomic Energy.","author":"Ford F. B.","year":"1952"},{"key":"bibr21-HS.38.3.i","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.212.4497.900"},{"key":"bibr22-HS.38.3.i","unstructured":"Radiation Effects Research Foundation. U.S. Japan Reassessment of Atomic Bomb Radiation Dosimetry in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Final Report. June 20, 2006."},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr23-HS.38.3.i","volume":"22","author":"Principles for Intervention for Protection of the Public in Radiological Emergencies","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. ICRP"},{"key":"bibr24-HS.38.3.i","volume-title":"Chernobyl: Environmental, Health and Human Rights Implications.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr25-HS.38.3.i","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/3XYE-QJPU-01BF-8YKE"},{"key":"bibr26-HS.38.3.i","volume-title":"2003 Recommendations of the European Committee on Radiation Risk, Regulator's","author":"Busby, C. (ed.)","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr27-HS.38.3.i","unstructured":"Institute de Radioprotection et de Surite Nucleare. Response to ECRR: Health Consequences of Chronic Internal Contamination by Radionuclides. DRPH\/2005\u201320. Paris, 2005, and NATO Report, August 1992. Submitted to Defense Ministry, Paris, June 29, 2005 (made public in France, July 1, 2005)."},{"key":"bibr28-HS.38.3.i","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/13JL-9LHM-FMR4-0V7B"},{"key":"bibr29-HS.38.3.i","author":"WHO\/IAEA\/UNDP","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chernobyl: The True Scale of the Accident."},{"key":"bibr30-HS.38.3.i","unstructured":"U.N. Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Report to the General Assembly in 2000, Vol. II: Effects, Annex J, p. 484, para. 157. New York, 2000."},{"key":"bibr31-HS.38.3.i","unstructured":"International Atomic Energy Agency. From Obninsk Beyond: Nuclear Power Conference Looks to Future. Vienna, 2004."},{"key":"bibr32-HS.38.3.i","volume-title":"50 Years in Nuclear Power: A Retrospective.","author":"International Atomic Energy Agency","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr33-HS.38.3.i","volume-title":"On This Day: 17 October.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr34-HS.38.3.i","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"The Nuclear Energy Option.","author":"Cohen B. L.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-6002-3"},{"key":"bibr35-HS.38.3.i","unstructured":"Fischer D. History of the International Atomic Energy Agency: The First Forty Years, p. 326. IAEA Fortieth Anniversary Publication. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1997."},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr36-HS.38.3.i","volume":"47","author":"Nuclear safety","year":"1999","journal-title":"IAEA Bull."},{"key":"bibr37-HS.38.3.i","unstructured":"Resolution WHA 12\u201340, World Health Assembly, 1959."},{"key":"bibr38-HS.38.3.i","unstructured":"Draft Statutes. www.world-renewable-energy-forum.org\/download\/Satzung-englisch.pdf."},{"key":"bibr39-HS.38.3.i","unstructured":"New Scientist, April 6, 2006."},{"key":"bibr40-HS.38.3.i","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.94102656"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr41-HS.38.3.i","first-page":"60","volume":"42","author":"Tomonaga M.","year":"2005","journal-title":"PUGWASH Newsletter"},{"key":"bibr42-HS.38.3.i","volume-title":"No Immediate Danger.","author":"Bertell R.","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr43-HS.38.3.i","volume":"12","author":"Bertell R.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pacific Ecol. (New Zealand)"},{"key":"bibr44-HS.38.3.i","volume-title":"Chernobyl: Environmental, Health and Human Rights Implications.","author":"Bertell R.","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr45-HS.38.3.i","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082810"},{"key":"bibr46-HS.38.3.i","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598210"},{"key":"bibr47-HS.38.3.i","first-page":"303","volume-title":"Biomedical and Psychosocial Consequences of Radiation from Man-Made Radionuclides","author":"Bertell R.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr48-HS.38.3.i","unstructured":"Bertell R. Low level radiation exposure effects in the Tri-State leukemia survey. In 100 Years after Roentgen, ed. Schmitz-Feuerhake I. and Lengfelder E., pp. 48\u201359. Proceedings of the International Congress, Berlin 1995. 1997."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Health Services"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.2190\/HS.38.3.i","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.2190\/HS.38.3.i","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:01:38Z","timestamp":1777507298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.2190\/HS.38.3.i"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2190\/HS.38.3.i"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2190\/hs.38.3.i","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7314","1541-4469"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7314","type":"print"},{"value":"1541-4469","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]}}}