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Nonetheless, ignorance about influenza in 1918, the lack of effective vaccines or antibacterial and antiviral drugs, and the social disruption caused by World War I also contributed heavily to the lethality, and it is unlikely that influenza of similar destructiveness will recur. The stupefying publicity over the threat of influenza has been generated partly by those, such as the pharmaceutical industry and influenza researchers, who benefit from the increased expenditures the publicity provokes. It is, in effect, disease mongering, the promotion of disease or dread of disease for one's own gain. Huge expenditures on influenza preparedness have produced little demonstrable benefit and some harm, independent of the wasted resources. Disease mongering, including spreading fear of influenza, is widespread and unhealthy and should be vigorously opposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2190\/hs.41.1.g","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]],"date-time":"2010-12-01T19:28:13Z","timestamp":1291231693000},"page":"95-115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Disease Mongering and the Fear of Pandemic Influenza"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Vance","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-HS.41.1.g","volume-title":"America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918","author":"Crosby A. 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