{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T01:22:38Z","timestamp":1777857758811,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1981,1,1]],"date-time":"1981-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":347155200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Health Serv"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1981,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This essay discusses a number of issues developed in several recent books on philosophical and ethical problems in the natural sciences, both pure (especially biology) and applied (especially medicine). The scaffolding of the discussion can be outlined as follows: Science is most coherently portrayed as a set of activities through which societies deal with a distinctive, but continually evolving set of interwoven practical, empirical, and conceptual problems. Consequently, approaches which attempt to delineate universal features of \u201cscientific methods\u201d or to depict the sciences as providing an approximation to an \u201cobjective\u201d view of reality are much less enlightening than are analyses rooted directly in concrete scientific history and in the actual interplay of science with other social configurations. However, scientists are granted some meaningful autonomy in exercising their \u201ccuriosity\u201d and there is a real sense in which scientific ideas and activities do possess momentum of their own. In other words, as is also true for other spheres, such as the arts, it is important not to fall into mechanical viewpoints which treat the movement of science as simply a derivative of forces generated elsewhere.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2190\/l5eu-e7pc-hxg6-euml","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,3]],"date-time":"2005-05-03T20:29:23Z","timestamp":1115152163000},"page":"123-149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Science, Philosophy, and Society: Some Recent Books"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Eric","family":"Holtzman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1981,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-L5EU-E7PC-HXG6-EUML","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-1769-5"},{"key":"bibr2-L5EU-E7PC-HXG6-EUML","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.847460"},{"key":"bibr3-L5EU-E7PC-HXG6-EUML","volume-title":"Computer Power and Human Reason","author":"Weizenbaum J.","year":"1976"},{"key":"bibr4-L5EU-E7PC-HXG6-EUML","volume-title":"American by Design: Science, Technology and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism","author":"Noble D. 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The New York Times, Sect. 4, January 22, 1978, and Natural History, May 1977, p. 12."},{"key":"bibr22-L5EU-E7PC-HXG6-EUML","volume-title":"The Lives of a Cell","author":"Thomas L.","year":"1974"},{"key":"bibr23-L5EU-E7PC-HXG6-EUML","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.910153"},{"key":"bibr24-L5EU-E7PC-HXG6-EUML","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.335508"},{"key":"bibr25-L5EU-E7PC-HXG6-EUML","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/271391a0"},{"key":"bibr26-L5EU-E7PC-HXG6-EUML","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/272390a0"},{"key":"bibr27-L5EU-E7PC-HXG6-EUML","unstructured":"Limits of Scientific Inquiry. Special issue of Daedalus 107(2), Spring 1978."},{"key":"bibr28-L5EU-E7PC-HXG6-EUML","volume-title":"Science in a Free Society","author":"Feyerabend P.","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr29-L5EU-E7PC-HXG6-EUML","first-page":"144","volume":"4","author":"Holtzman E.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Man and Medicine"},{"key":"bibr30-L5EU-E7PC-HXG6-EUML","volume-title":"Biology as a Social Weapon","author":"Ann Arbor Science for the People Editorial Collective","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr31-L5EU-E7PC-HXG6-EUML","volume-title":"Ideology of\/in the Natural Sciences","volume":"1","author":"Rose H.","year":"1976"},{"key":"bibr32-L5EU-E7PC-HXG6-EUML","volume-title":"Lenin and Philosophy","author":"Althusser L.","year":"1971"},{"key":"bibr33-L5EU-E7PC-HXG6-EUML","first-page":"143","volume":"28","author":"Bernow S. 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