{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T15:59:23Z","timestamp":1790611163198,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Internet Res"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Adults receiving long-term hemodialysis often experience a multidimensional symptom burden that affects their functional status and daily activities. Effective symptom management may help reduce this burden, preserve functional status, and improve the overall treatment experience. However, evidence remains limited for nonpharmacological interventions that are safe, acceptable, and easy to integrate into routine hemodialysis care. Virtual reality (VR) may be a promising approach for symptom relief and supportive management, but its overall effectiveness and safety in adults receiving hemodialysis remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This review aims to determine whether VR-based interventions improve symptom-related outcomes and are safe for adults receiving hemodialysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A comprehensive search was conducted across 12 electronic databases and trial registries from inception to January 2026. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials evaluating VR-based interventions for symptom-related outcomes in adult patients receiving hemodialysis. The methodological quality of the included trials was appraised using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool for randomized trials (RoB 2). Quantitative synthesis was conducted in RevMan 5.4 (Cochrane) when appropriate. For continuous variables, treatment effects were summarized as mean differences (MDs) or standardized mean differences (SMDs) according to outcome measurement consistency. Statistical heterogeneity was examined using the\n \n chi-square test and\n I<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b2<\/jats:sup>\n value, and the choice between fixed-effect and random-effects models was based on the degree of heterogeneity. Outcomes unsuitable for meta-analysis were summarized descriptively.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Of the 11,192 records identified, 19 randomized controlled trials from 10 countries were included, involving 1228 participants. Thirteen studies used immersive VR and 6 used nonimmersive VR. Compared with usual care or no VR intervention, moderate-certainty evidence showed that VR reduced pain during arteriovenous fistula cannulation (MD \u22122.44, 95% CI \u22122.91 to \u22121.97;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001;\n I<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b2=66%), improved gait speed (SMD 0.46, 95% CI 0.11-0.81;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.01;\n I<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b2=0%), increased 6-minute walk distance (MD 74.77, 95% CI 40.55-108.99;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001;\n I<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b2=43%), and reduced depressive symptoms (MD \u22123.48, 95% CI \u22126.77 to \u22120.18;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.04;\n I<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b2=33%). Evidence for trait anxiety was of very low certainty (MD \u22127.72, 95% CI \u221213.72 to \u22121.71;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.01;\n I<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b2=61%). No serious VR-related adverse events were reported.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Preliminary evidence suggests that VR-based interventions may reduce arteriovenous fistula cannulation pain and depressive symptoms and may improve selected physical function outcomes, including gait speed and 6-minute walk distance, in adults receiving hemodialysis. No serious VR-related adverse events were reported, although safety evidence remains limited. Further high-quality studies are warranted to confirm and refine these findings.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/102331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T15:44:51Z","timestamp":1790610291000},"page":"e102331-e102331","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effectiveness and Safety of Virtual Reality Interventions for Symptom Management in Adults Undergoing Hemodialysis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5289-986X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiayu","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4645-6531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6332-047X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8556-195X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9110-3878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7049-6142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10518","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01853-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease in adults, 1990\u20132023, and its attributable risk factors: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023","volume":"406","author":"Mark","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R2","unstructured":"Reducing the burden of noncommunicable diseases through promotion of kidney health and strengthening prevention and control of kidney disease. World Health Organization; May 27, 2025. WHA78.6. URL: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/gb\/ebwha\/pdf_files\/WHA78\/A78_R6-en.pdf [Accessed 18-09-2026]"},{"issue":"6","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00542-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of haemodialysis outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Bello","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.05.019","article-title":"Managing the symptom burden associated with maintenance dialysis: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference","volume":"104","author":"Mehrotra","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S245621","article-title":"Prevention of intradialytic hypotension in hemodialysis patients: current challenges and future prospects","volume":"16","author":"Hamrahian","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2024.100810","article-title":"Medication deprescribing in patients receiving hemodialysis: a prospective controlled quality improvement study","volume":"6","author":"Bortolussi-Courval","journal-title":"Kidney Med"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1580689","article-title":"Effectiveness of exercise in reducing symptom burden among hemodialysis patients: a non-pharmacological intervention approach","volume":"13","author":"Alshammari","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlpt.2023.100741","article-title":"What is virtual reality? A healthcare-focused systematic review of definitions","volume":"12","author":"Abbas","journal-title":"Health Policy Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.51731\/cjht.2023.600","article-title":"An overview of clinical applications of virtual and augmented reality","volume":"3","author":"Farrell","journal-title":"Can J Health Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10872981.2022.2101417","article-title":"Comparison of immersive and non-immersive virtual reality videos as substitute for in-hospital teaching during coronavirus lockdown: a survey with graduate medical students in Germany","volume":"27","author":"Omlor","journal-title":"Med Educ Online"},{"issue":"1","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-08154-y","article-title":"Immersive virtual reality based on head-mounted display in medical education: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/12959","article-title":"Virtual reality for health professions education: systematic review and meta-analysis by the digital health education collaboration","volume":"21","author":"Kyaw","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.11.6.062603","article-title":"Surgical planning in virtual reality: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Queisner","journal-title":"J Med Imaging (Bellingham)"},{"issue":"1","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/48916","article-title":"Effectiveness and user experience of virtual reality for social anxiety disorder: systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Shahid","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03266-6","article-title":"Efficacy of virtual reality for pain relief in medical procedures: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Teh","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/64576","article-title":"The efficacy of virtual reality on the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal diseases: umbrella review","volume":"27","author":"Tang","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2022.02.005","article-title":"Virtual reality as a patient education tool in healthcare: a scoping review","volume":"105","author":"van der Kruk","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"issue":"9","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-024-08763-1","article-title":"Application of virtual reality for supportive care in cancer patients: a systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Fereidooni","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-022-02417-5","article-title":"Virtual reality relaxation for people with mental health conditions: a systematic review","volume":"58","author":"Riches","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2025.102566","article-title":"A synthesis of meta-analyses of immersive virtual reality interventions in pain","volume":"117","author":"Rooney","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3316","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.70335","article-title":"Virtual reality for managing procedural pain and distress in paediatrics: a scoping review","volume":"35","author":"Huang","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"5","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2024.102532","article-title":"Effectiveness of virtual reality on pain and anxiety in patients undergoing cardiac procedures: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"49","author":"Micheluzzi","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2024.151841","article-title":"The effect of virtual reality glasses on pain and patient satisfaction in arteriovenous fistula cannulation procedure","volume":"79","author":"\u015een","journal-title":"Appl Nurs Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1177\/11297298231225755","article-title":"Effects of virtual reality on pain induced by arteriovenous fistula needle insertion in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"26","author":"Namazinia","journal-title":"J Vasc Access"},{"issue":"6","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1177\/17449871241252005","article-title":"The effect of virtual reality distraction on haemodialysis patients\u2019 pain and anxiety during arteriovenous fistula puncture: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Elzeky","journal-title":"J Res Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.70010","article-title":"The effect of video streaming with virtual reality glasses during arteriovenous fistula needle insertion on pain and anxiety of individuals undergoing hemodialysis treatment","volume":"30","author":"G\u00fcler","journal-title":"Hemodial Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2025.10.011","article-title":"Effects of virtual reality with intradialytic exercise in adult hemodialysis patients","volume":"36","author":"Warren","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD016138","article-title":"Virtual reality-related exercise for people with chronic kidney disease undergoing haemodialysis","volume":"8","author":"Nishiwaki","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12426","article-title":"The effects of virtual reality-based exercise in adults receiving haemodialysis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies","volume":"15","author":"Yang\u00f6z","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Health Well Being"},{"issue":"151983","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2025.151983","article-title":"Metaverse technology use among patients undergoing hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"84","author":"Chong","journal-title":"Appl Nurs Res"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/58384","article-title":"Effectiveness of virtual reality training in improving outcomes for dialysis patients: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Kang","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R33","unstructured":"Sterne JAC Savovi\u0107 J Page MJ et al. RoB 2: a revised cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. Cochrane Methods. 2019. URL: https:\/\/methods.cochrane.org\/bias\/resources\/rob-2-revised-cochrane-risk-bias-tool-randomized-trials [Accessed 07-09-2026]"},{"key":"R34","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann H Bro\u017cek J Guyatt G et al. GRADE Handbook for Grading Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendations. The GRADE Working Group; 2013. URL: https:\/\/gdt.gradepro.org\/app\/handbook\/handbook.html [Accessed 08-09-2026]"},{"key":"R35","unstructured":"Higgins JPT Thomas J Chandler J et al. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Cochrane; 2023. URL: https:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/authors\/handbooks-and-manuals\/handbook\/archive\/v6.4?utm_source=chatgpt.com [Accessed 8-09-2026]"},{"issue":"1","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39709-y","article-title":"Impact of virtual reality exercises on anxiety and depression in hemodialysis","volume":"13","author":"Turo\u0144-Skrzypi\u0144ska","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13082321","article-title":"Impact of effectiveness of physical activity in a virtual environment on the regulation of sclerostin and interleukin 6 levels in haemodialysis patients","volume":"13","author":"Turo\u0144-Skrzypi\u0144ska","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-024-03917-z","article-title":"Analysis of changes in PCSK9 and TNF-\u03b1 concentrations in response to physical exercises using virtual reality in patients in the fifth stage of chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis","volume":"26","author":"Turo\u0144-Skrzypi\u0144ska","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"16","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12165358","article-title":"Does exercising with the use of virtual reality during haemodialysis have an impact on plasma levels of interleukin 1\u03b2, interleukin 6, and interleukin 8?","volume":"12","author":"Turo\u0144-Skrzypi\u0144ska","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-9987.70092","article-title":"Determination of the effects of virtual reality-based videos on symptoms, vital signs and comfort in hemodialysis patients","volume":"30","author":"Co\u015far","journal-title":"Ther Apher Dial"},{"issue":"7","key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab213","article-title":"An intradialytic non-immersive virtual reality exercise programme: a crossover randomized controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Olmos","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"4","key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12788","article-title":"Intradialytic virtual reality exercise: increasing physical activity through technology","volume":"32","author":"Segura-Ort\u00ed","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"issue":"1","key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13304","article-title":"Virtual reality exercise intradialysis to improve physical function: a feasibility randomized trial","volume":"29","author":"Segura\u2010Ort\u00ed","journal-title":"Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"5","key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1671-4091.2021.05.004","article-title":"Virtual reality somatosensory games integrated into the home exercise management and its effects on fall risk and quality of life in dialysis patients","volume":"20","author":"Feng","journal-title":"Chinese J Blood Purifi"},{"issue":"1","key":"R45","first-page":"110","volume":"60","author":"Li","journal-title":"China Modern Doctor"},{"issue":"95","key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.61882\/jmp.24.95.77","article-title":"A comparative analysis of the impact of virtual reality and rose aroma on anxiety, sleep quality, and happiness among patients undergoing dialysis: a randomized control trial with a factorial design","volume":"24","author":"Heirati","journal-title":"J Med Plants"},{"issue":"3","key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3390\/kidneydial3030026","article-title":"Virtual reality mindfulness and personalized exercise for patients on hemodialysis with depressive symptoms: a feasibility study","volume":"3","author":"Burrows","journal-title":"Kidney Dial"},{"issue":"1","key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-023-03283-2","article-title":"Intradialytic neuromuscular electrical stimulation with optional virtual reality distraction improves not only muscle strength and functional capacity but also serum albumin level in haemodialysis patients: a pilot randomized clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Schinner","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"5","key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2018.0066","article-title":"Effects of exercise training combined with virtual reality in functionality and health-related quality of life of patients on hemodialysis","volume":"8","author":"Maynard","journal-title":"Games Health J"},{"issue":"6","key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20061571","article-title":"Application of wearables to facilitate virtually supervised intradialytic exercise for reducing depression symptoms","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.33393\/gcnd.2026.3757","article-title":"Effectiveness of virtual reality on pain and anxiety, in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Burrai","journal-title":"G Clin Nefrol Dial"},{"issue":"2","key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35055633","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19020811","article-title":"Physical activity and health-related quality of life of patients on hemodialysis with comorbidities: a cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Wu","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076241272604","article-title":"Psychological and physiological health outcomes of virtual reality-based mindfulness interventions: a systematic review and evidence mapping of empirical studies","volume":"10","author":"Wieczorek","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15111590","article-title":"Short-lived exercise-induced exerkines modulate inflammation for chronic disease prevention: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Poorhabibi","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.988698","article-title":"Physical activity to reduce PCSK9 levels","volume":"9","author":"Tirandi","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15060856","article-title":"Role of SOST in response to mechanical stimulation in bone and extraosseous organs","volume":"15","author":"Chen","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"4","key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-022-00636-4","article-title":"Focusing on cybersickness: pervasiveness, latent trajectories, susceptibility, and effects on the virtual reality experience","volume":"26","author":"Garrido","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"issue":"1","key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s43058-023-00442-2","article-title":"Implementation of virtual reality in healthcare: a scoping review on the implementation process of virtual reality in various healthcare settings","volume":"4","author":"Kouijzer","journal-title":"Implement Sci Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0005522020","article-title":"Mindfulness-based virtual reality intervention in hemodialysis patients: a pilot study on end-user perceptions and safety","volume":"2","author":"Hernandez","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"issue":"4 Suppl 2","key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.12.001","article-title":"KDOQI clinical practice guideline for vascular access: 2019 update","volume":"75","author":"Lok","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-022-00638-2","article-title":"A review of cybersickness in head-mounted displays: raising attention to individual susceptibility","volume":"26","author":"Tian","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"issue":"2","key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020321","article-title":"Improvement of the interaction model aimed to reduce the negative effects of cybersickness in VR rehab applications","volume":"21","author":"Veli\u010dkovi\u0107","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.04.015","article-title":"Reduced VR motion sickness by applying random-phase transcranial alternating current stimulation to the left parietal cortex","volume":"17","author":"Li","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Internet Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T15:44:53Z","timestamp":1790610293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e102331"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":63,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/102331","relation":{},"ISSN":["1438-8871"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-8871","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"article-number":"v28i10518e102331"}}