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I position this as an educational instance of the ELIZA effect and of the proxy-outcome problem; separating conversational mimicry from genuine metacognitive gain remains a central unresolved evaluation problem. The second is what I term the Panopticon Paradox: the data collection that makes AI tutoring effective may erode the psychological safety that Socratic inquiry requires, pushing learners toward performative rather than authentic engagement, in a manner analogous to gaming behaviors documented in intelligent tutoring systems. I present this second construct as a testable causal model with specified mediators, moderators, and falsifiable predictions rather than as an established finding. Because the evidence base is dominated by proof-of-concept tools, cross-sectional surveys, and short-term evaluations, I argue that AI is complementary rather than a replacement technology, and I propose a 3-pillar framework (governance, curriculum, and faculty development) tied explicitly to the 2 failure modes. I distinguish 4 modalities of delegation and argue that ethical deliberation, emotionally complex communication, and ambiguous clinical judgment cannot presently be recommended for autonomous or primary AI delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2196\/102958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:20:06Z","timestamp":1785759606000},"page":"e102958-e102958","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Promise, Mimicry, and Surveillance: Responsibly Integrating Artificial Intelligence With Socratic Inquiry in Medical Education"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4571-1618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Daniel","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/13930","article-title":"Applications and challenges of implementing artificial intelligence in medical education: integrative review","volume":"5","author":"Chan","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"issue":"7","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe787144","article-title":"The fact of ignorance: revisiting the Socratic method as a tool for teaching critical thinking","volume":"78","author":"Oyler","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04134-2","article-title":"Thinking more wisely: using the Socratic method to develop critical thinking skills amongst healthcare students","volume":"23","author":"Ho","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/48785","article-title":"Opportunities, challenges, and future directions of generative artificial intelligence in medical education: scoping review","volume":"9","author":"Preiksaitis","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10872981.2025.2542807","article-title":"Advancements in artificial intelligence transforming medical education: a comprehensive overview","volume":"30","author":"Khakpaki","journal-title":"Med Educ Online"},{"issue":"4","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2024.2314198","article-title":"A scoping review of artificial intelligence in medical education: BEME Guide No. 84","volume":"46","author":"Gordon","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"issue":"7","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2024.2413023","article-title":"Enhancing self-directed learning with custom GPT AI facilitation among medical students: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"47","author":"Shalong","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2026.104770","article-title":"An innovative Socratic method-based artificial intelligence platform for healthcare education: a quasi-experimental study","volume":"92","author":"Li","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-08188-2","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in undergraduate medical education: an updated scoping review","volume":"25","author":"Simoni","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"R10","unstructured":"Principles for the responsible use of artificial intelligence in and for medical education. 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