{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:57:20Z","timestamp":1790776640251,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Med Educ"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Our research group previously developed a virtual reality (VR) training module for radiopharmaceutical administration, focusing on procedural skills and patient interactions. The module\u2019s educational effectiveness was validated with objective measures, such as electroencephalography and mood assessments.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n The authors aimed to extend the module by integrating a radiation visualization system that renders otherwise invisible radiation fields within an immersive VR environment, and to compare students\u2019 learning experiences associated with the module with those associated with conventional hands-on training.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Twenty students enrolled in a radiological technician training program participated in this study. Students\u2019 learning experiences were evaluated using Likert-scale\u2013based questionnaires, together with qualitative analysis of open-ended responses.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n VR-based training was associated with significantly higher ratings for students\u2019 conceptual understanding of radiation behavior, radiation safety awareness, learning satisfaction, and self-assessed competency than conventional training. Conversely, perceived realism and immersion were rated significantly higher following conventional training. No significant differences were observed for operational understanding, technical skills, or system usability.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n These findings suggest that the developed VR module offers a safe and repeatable training platform that may support positively perceived learning experiences in radiopharmaceutical administration and radiation safety education.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/104397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:11:26Z","timestamp":1790773886000},"page":"e104397-e104397","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Educational Evaluation of a Radiation Visualization System in a Virtual Reality Training Module for Radiopharmaceutical Administration: Mixed Methods Study of Students\u2019 Learning Experiences"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7452-629X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akihiro","family":"Kakimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6956-0032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Fujise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1685-7976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shota","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7061-3414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yutaka","family":"Otaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1844-4802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sakura","family":"Minemoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9307-2763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayaka","family":"Yasumatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6340-3646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shin","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2025.102911","article-title":"The effects of virtual reality (VR) on clinical skills training in undergraduate radiography education: a systematic review","volume":"31","author":"G\u00e5rdling","journal-title":"Radiography (Lond)"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/52953","article-title":"The scope of virtual reality simulators in radiology education: systematic literature review","volume":"10","author":"Shetty","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1384799","article-title":"A systematic review of immersive educational technologies in medical physics and radiation physics","volume":"11","author":"Tene","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"4","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2023.05.009","article-title":"Student perceptions of the use of three-dimensional (3-D) virtual reality (VR) simulation in the delivery of radiation protection training for radiography and medical students","volume":"29","author":"Rainford","journal-title":"Radiography (Lond)"},{"issue":"2","key":"R5","first-page":"72","volume":"97","author":"Takahashi","journal-title":"Radiol Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0321101","article-title":"Virtual reality-based training for radiopharmaceutical administration: development and educational effectiveness","volume":"20","author":"Kakimoto","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"R7","first-page":"1241","volume":"43","author":"Siegel","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"R8","unstructured":"Bushberg JT Seibert JA Leidholdt EM Boone JM . 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