{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:51:53Z","timestamp":1791409913140,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Public Health Surveill"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Acute hepatitis C virus outbreaks in California are identified by local health jurisdictions through the investigation of cases reported by laboratories and health care providers to the state\u2019s public health surveillance system. However, acute hepatitis C cases are widely underreported, limiting timely outbreak detection and early intervention. SaTScan (Space and Time Scan Statistics) has been proposed as a valuable tool to better detect disease clusters that may be missed by traditional surveillance, even when the disease is underreported, but it is not routinely used for acute hepatitis C surveillance. Timely outbreak detection enables prompt investigation, interruption of transmission networks, and expeditious access to treatment that prevents chronic hepatitis C progression.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n We assessed the feasibility of using SaTScan to identify verified acute hepatitis C outbreaks using public health surveillance data by conducting a retrospective cluster analysis followed by a prospective, proof-of-concept (POC) analysis that simulated routine surveillance at a single time point using the preceding 2 years of available data.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We geocoded acute hepatitis C cases with an episode date between January 2022 and December 2023 that were reported to the California Department of Public Health (CDPH). Cases among people experiencing homelessness were included using proxy locations corresponding to their reporting jurisdiction. First, we applied a retrospective space-time permutation scan to determine if any detected significant clusters corresponded to a verified acute hepatitis C outbreak reported in California. We then performed a single prospective POC scan using surveillance data from August 2020 through August 2022 to simulate routine surveillance on August 28, 2022. Detection performance was evaluated based on whether the scan generated a signal corresponding to the known acute hepatitis C outbreak, measured using recurrence intervals.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Of the 236 acute hepatitis C cases reported in California with an episode date between January 2022 and December 2023, 97.9% (n=231) were successfully geocoded. The retrospective scan identified 1 significant cluster that corresponded to a verified outbreak in Los Angeles County. The prospective POC scan detected the same outbreak 1 day after the second outbreak-related case was reported, based on symptom onset. The cluster exceeded the recurrence interval threshold (1.7 y), and 2 of 3 outbreak-related cases were identified.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n SaTScan successfully identified a verified acute hepatitis C outbreak using both retrospective and prospective space-time permutation scans, demonstrating its potential to enhance real-time surveillance. However, detection performance depends on the timeliness and completeness of case reporting. Future research should explore the prospective use of SaTScan with real-time surveillance data to fine-tune signaling thresholds and scan statistic parameters and assess its broader applicability for acute hepatitis C outbreak detection.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/104761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T16:15:05Z","timestamp":1788884105000},"page":"e104761-e104761","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Detection of Acute Hepatitis C Outbreaks in California Using SaTScan: Statewide Spatiotemporal Analysis"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7579-9000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"New","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6392-9704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9743-0872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert E","family":"Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7162-2582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Mart\u00ednez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.04.030","article-title":"Factors associated with spontaneous clearance of chronic hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"65","author":"Bulteel","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2005.00651.x","article-title":"Spontaneous viral clearance following acute hepatitis C infection: a systematic review of longitudinal studies","volume":"13","author":"Micallef","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"4","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2015.07.003","article-title":"Natural history of hepatitis C","volume":"44","author":"Lingala","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/s1590-8658(03)00007-0","article-title":"Natural course of acute hepatitis C: a long-term prospective study","volume":"35","author":"Santantonio","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"issue":"10179","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32111-1","article-title":"Clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis C after direct-acting antiviral treatment: a prospective cohort study","volume":"393","author":"Carrat","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit648","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus maintains infectivity for weeks after drying on inanimate surfaces at room temperature: implications for risks of transmission","volume":"209","author":"Paintsil","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R7","unstructured":"Health care-associated hepatitis B and C outbreaks (>=2 cases) reported to CDC, 2008-2019. 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