{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:25:48Z","timestamp":1790115948883,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Female sex workers (FSWs) have high rates of both unintended pregnancy and HIV, but few health promotion interventions address their contraceptive needs or other sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) concerns. A broader approach integrates contraceptive promotion with HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention and management, alcohol awareness, gender-based violence and rights, and health care utilization. The Women\u2019s Health Intervention using SMS for Preventing Pregnancy (WHISPER) mobile phone intervention uses a participatory development approach and behavior change theory to address these high-priority concerns of FSWs in Mombasa, Kenya.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This paper aimed to (1) describe the process of development of the WHISPER intervention, its theoretical framework, key content domains and strategies and (2) explore workshop participants\u2019 responses to the proposed intervention, particularly with regard to message content, behavior change constructs, and feasibility and acceptability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The research team worked closely with FSWs in two phases of intervention development. First, we drafted content for three different types of messages based on a review of the literature and behavior change theories. Second, we piloted the intervention by conducting six workshops with 42 FSWs to test and refine message content and 12 interviews to assess the technical performance of the intervention. Workshop data were thematically analyzed using a mixed deductive and inductive approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The intervention framework specified six SRHR domains that were viewed as highly relevant by FSWs. Reactions to intervention content revealed that social cognitive strategies to improve knowledge, outcome expectations, skills, and self-efficacy resonated well with workshop participants. Participants found the content empowering, and most said they would share the messages with others. The refined intervention was a 12-month SMS program consisting of informational and motivational messages, role model stories portraying behavior change among FSWs, and on-demand contraceptive information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results highlight the need for health promotion interventions that incorporate broader components of SRHR, not only HIV prevention. Using a theory-based, participatory approach, we developed a digital health intervention that reflects the complex reality of FSWs\u2019 lives and provides a feasible, acceptable approach for addressing SRHR concerns and needs. FSWs may benefit from health promotion interventions that provide relevant, actionable, and engaging content to support behavior change.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/15096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]],"date-time":"2020-02-03T21:18:20Z","timestamp":1580764700000},"page":"e15096","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Mobile Phone\u2013Based Sexual and Reproductive Health Intervention for Female Sex Workers in Kenya: Development and Qualitative Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9419-3007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frances H","family":"Ampt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1555-0315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly","family":"L'Engle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3136-6761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan S C","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2209-7662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate F","family":"Plourde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7239-2208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Mangone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8037-3346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Collins Mudogo","family":"Mukanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9636-165X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Gichangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9226-0955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Griffins","family":"Manguro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5055-3266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret","family":"Hellard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2887-1409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Stoov\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4320-9168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew F","family":"Chersich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7134-6581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Jaoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6075-8548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul A","family":"Agius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2069-8752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marleen","family":"Temmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2416-9690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Winnie","family":"Wangari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5235-5629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanley","family":"Luchters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8603-10-46"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"National AIDS\/STD Control Programme of the Kenya Ministry of Public Health and SanitationBar Hostess Empowerment & Support Programme (BHESP)2010092020-03-10Standards for Peer-Education and Outreach Programs for Sex Workershttps:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y7j5kjnx"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-143"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.16.1.17980"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-10-144"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2015.11.010"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-009-9254-8"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/792649"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8603-10-47"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4346-0"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2015.00015.x"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Global Health Council20160852020-03-10Washington, DCThe Center for Health and Gender EquityREPORT: All Women, All Rights, Sex Workers Included: US Foreign Assistance and the Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights of Female Sex Workershttps:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y8zk6tft"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-021779"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13625187.2011.564683"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"CheukEBeckerMMishraSBlanchardJIsacSKingolaNPavlovaDUnderstanding Female Sex Workers' Early HIV Risk and the Implications for HIV Epidemic Control (Transitions Study): Mapping and Estimating the Population Size of Female Sex Workers in Mombasa, Kenya and Dnipropetrovsk, UkraineProceedings of the 24th Annual Canadian Conference on HIV\/AIDS Research2015CAHR'15April 30 - May 3, 2015Toronto, Ontario"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162871"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2008.09.011"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2015.02.997"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691050701519730"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-6-3"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"SedghGHussainRBankoleASinghSGuttmacher Institute2007062020-03-10New YorkGuttmacher InstituteWomen With an Unmet Need for Contraception in Developing Countries and Their Reasons for Not Using a Methodhttps:\/\/www.guttmacher.org\/sites\/default\/files\/pdfs\/pubs\/2007\/07\/09\/or37.pdf"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-015-0665-3"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Information and Communication Technology (ICT)20182019-07-09Statisticshttp:\/\/www.itu.int\/en\/ITU-D\/Statistics\/Pages\/stat\/default.aspx"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011159.pub2"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.6837"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303562"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305051"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2016.07.009"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017388"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref30","volume":"1","author":"O\u2019Mara-Eves, A","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pub Health Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v8.29842"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-016-0165-7"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/mhealth.2017.02.06"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-006x.51.3.390"},{"key":"ref35","author":"Bandura, A","year":"1986","journal-title":"Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.100396"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2012.07.009"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2013.07.009"},{"key":"ref39","year":"2011","journal-title":"Family Planning - A Global Handbook for Providers"},{"key":"ref40","year":"2010","journal-title":"National Family Planning Guidelines for Service Providers: Updated to reflect the 2009 Medical Eligibilty Criteria of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"ref41","year":"2010","journal-title":"National guidelines for HIV\/STI programs for sex workers"},{"key":"ref42","author":"Maibach, E","year":"1995","journal-title":"Designing Health Messages: Approaches from Communication Theory and Public Health Practice"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"National Cancer InstituteDivision of Cancer Control and Population Sciences20052020-03-10Bethesda, MDNational Institutes of HealthTheory at a Glance: A Guide for Health Promotion Practicehttps:\/\/cancercontrol.cancer.gov\/brp\/research\/theories_project\/theory.pdf"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.10.042"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4278\/0890-1171-6.3.197"},{"key":"ref47","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cida's Policy On Gender Equality"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2009.1444"},{"key":"ref49","year":"2002","journal-title":"Community Participation in Local Health and Sustainable Development: Approaches and Techniques"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5477-7"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.012809.103604"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007249.pub5"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.147462"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000335"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2017.07.021"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3297-4"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13142-016-0453-1"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106383"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S100002"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2017.1417971"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-19-00015"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-12-85"}],"container-title":["JMIR mHealth and uHealth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/mhealth.jmir.org\/2020\/5\/e15096","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:06:58Z","timestamp":1782842818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/mhealth.jmir.org\/2020\/5\/e15096"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/15096","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2196\/preprints.15096","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2291-5222"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2291-5222","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]}}}