{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T11:32:56Z","timestamp":1784287976473,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Internet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, engagement in preventive behaviors and getting tested for the virus play a crucial role in protecting people from contracting the new coronavirus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to examine how internet use, risk awareness, and demographic characteristics are associated with engagement in preventative behaviors and testing during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional survey was conducted on Amazon Mechanical Turk from April 10, 2020, to April 14, 2020. Participants\u2019 internet use (in terms of the extent of receiving information pertaining to COVID-19), risk awareness (whether any immediate family members, close friends or relatives, or people in local communities tested positive for COVID-19), demographics (sex, age, ethnicity, income, education level, marital status, and employment status), as well as their engagement in preventative behaviors and testing were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data included 979 valid responses from the United States. Participants who received more COVID-19\u2013related health information online reported more frequent effort to engage in all types of preventive behaviors: wearing a facemask in public (odds ratio [OR] 1.55, 95% CI 1.34-1.79, P&lt;.001), washing hands (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.35-1.85, P&lt;.001), covering nose and mouth when sneezing and coughing (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.52-2.10, P&lt;.001), keeping social distance with others (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.21-1.65, P&lt;.001), staying home (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.20-1.62, P&lt;.001), avoiding using public transportation (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.32-1.88, P&lt;.001), and cleaning frequently used surfaces (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.34-1.79, P&lt;.001). Compared with participants who did not have positive cases in their social circles, those who had immediate family members (OR 1.48, 95% CI 8.28-26.44, P&lt;.001) or close friends and relatives (OR 2.52, 95% CI 1.58-4.03, P&lt;.001) who tested positive were more likely to get tested. Participants\u2019 sex, age, ethnicity, marital status, and employment status were also associated with preventive behaviors and testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings revealed that the extent of receiving COVID-19\u2013related information online, risk awareness, and demographic characteristics including sex, ethnicity, age, marital status, and employment status are key factors associated with US residents\u2019 engagement in various preventive behaviors and testing for COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/19782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T14:01:50Z","timestamp":1591365710000},"page":"e19782","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":156,"title":["Internet Use, Risk Awareness, and Demographic Characteristics Associated With Engagement in Preventive Behaviors and Testing: Cross-Sectional Survey on COVID-19 in the United States"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8448-0819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siyue","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7045-6455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6192-0837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wang","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4174-3305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjing","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3557504"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30627-9"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention2020-05-29Cases in U.Shttps:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/cases-updates\/cases-in-us.html"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/18790"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.4.2000058"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25748"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"World Health Organization202004172020-04-27Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19)https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/q-a-detail\/q-a-coronaviruses"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2020.20225"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/dz428"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/19161"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3864"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2214-109x(20)30074-7"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"FoxSDugganMPew Research Center201301152020-04-27Health online 2013https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/2013\/01\/15\/health-online-2013\/"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/18444"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410230802606984"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref16","first-page":"699","volume":"108","author":"Iverson, S","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Osteopath Assoc"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/11188"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/135910710X485826"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2004911117"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637751.2017.1342043"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention2020-04-30How to protect yourself & othershttps:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/prevent-getting-sick\/prevention.html"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/preprints.19654"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.45221"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-2600(20)30134-x"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.26.20028217"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2014.87"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.11.864"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/429923"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1002.030418"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2004.04.032"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008032"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2651"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/19160"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12030254"},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau202002052020-04-30Marital status in United Stateshttps:\/\/www.census.gov\/library\/visualizations\/interactive\/marital-status-in-united-states.html"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics2020-04-30Labor force statistics from the current population surveyhttps:\/\/www.bls.gov\/cps\/cpsaat08.htm"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau2020-04-30QuickFactshttps:\/\/www.census.gov\/quickfacts\/fact\/table\/US\/PST045219"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"KeeterSPew Research Center20150513From telephone to the web: the challenge of mode of interview effects in public opinion pollshttps:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/methods\/2015\/05\/13\/from-telephone-to-the-web-the-challenge-of-mode-of-interview-effects-in-public-opinion-polls\/"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/225231"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Internet Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2020\/6\/e19782","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:26:38Z","timestamp":1782840398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2020\/6\/e19782\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/19782","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2196\/preprints.19782","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1438-8871"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-8871","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]]}}}