{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:54:01Z","timestamp":1782842041529,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Public Health Surveill"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infectious conjunctivitis is contagious and may lead to an outbreak. Prevention systems can help to avoid an outbreak.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to evaluate if Google search data on conjunctivitis and associated terms can be used to estimate the incidence and if the data can provide an estimation for outbreaks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We obtained Google search data over 4 years for the German term for conjunctivitis (\u201cBindehautentz\u00fcndung\u201d) and 714 associated terms in 12 selected German cities and Germany as a whole using the Google AdWords Keyword Planner. The search volume from Freiburg was correlated with clinical data from the Freiburg emergency practice (Eye Center University of Freiburg).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The search volume for the German term for conjunctivitis in Germany as a whole and in the 12 German cities showed a highly uniform seasonal pattern. Cross-correlation between the temporal search frequencies in Germany as a whole and the 12 selected cities was high without any lag. Cross-correlation of the search volume in Freiburg with the frequency of conjunctivitis (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems [ICD] code group \u201cH10.-\u201d) from the centralized ophthalmologic emergency practice in Freiburg revealed a considerable temporal association, with the emergency practice lagging behind the frequency. Additionally, Pearson correlation between the count of patients per month and the count of searches per month in Freiburg was statistically significant (P=.04).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed a close correlation between the Google search volume for the signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis and the frequency of patients with a congruent diagnosis in the Freiburg region. Regional deviations from the nationwide average search volume may therefore indicate a regional outbreak of infectious conjunctivitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/22645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]],"date-time":"2021-01-30T08:58:22Z","timestamp":1611997102000},"page":"e22645","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Estimating the Incidence of Conjunctivitis by Comparing the Frequency of Google Search Terms With Clinical Data: Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7654-6032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Kammrath Betancor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2749-9791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Tizek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9313-6588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Zink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4937-6936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Reinhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9042-0508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"B\u00f6hringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"32","key":"ref1","first-page":"637","volume":"62","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S236571"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00347-008-1731-1"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S233486"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003470170052"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Infektionsepidemiologisches Jahrbuch meldepflichtiger Krankheiten f\u00fcr 2018Robert Koch Institut2020-02-25https:\/\/www.rki.de\/DE\/Content\/Infekt\/Jahrbuch\/Jahrbuch_2018.pdf?__blob=publicationFile"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref7","first-page":"323","volume":"95","author":"Wolf, JA","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/593098"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp0900702"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2017.1870"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3214"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/13739"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15200"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12273"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"The R Project for Statistical ComputingR Project2021-02-20https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_193_19"},{"key":"ref17","author":"Chatfield, C","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Analysis of Time Series: An Introduction, Sixth Edition"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66467-y"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.280318"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Marktanteile der Suchmaschinen weltweit nach mobiler und station\u00e4rer Nutzung im Januar 2021Statista2020-06-15https:\/\/de.statista.com\/statistik\/daten\/studie\/222849\/umfrage\/marktanteile-der-suchmaschinen-weltweit\/"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22818"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10020109"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.02.016"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090215"}],"container-title":["JMIR Public Health and Surveillance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publichealth.jmir.org\/2021\/3\/e22645","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:31:26Z","timestamp":1782840686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publichealth.jmir.org\/2021\/3\/e22645"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/22645","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2196\/preprints.22645","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2369-2960"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2369-2960","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]}}}