{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:41:44Z","timestamp":1788306104571,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Internet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Family violence (including intimate partner violence\/domestic violence, child abuse, and elder abuse) is a hidden pandemic happening alongside COVID-19. The rates of family violence are rising fast, and women and children are disproportionately affected and vulnerable during this time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to provide a large-scale analysis of public discourse on family violence and the COVID-19 pandemic on Twitter.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed over 1 million tweets related to family violence and COVID-19 from April 12 to July 16, 2020. We used the machine learning approach Latent Dirichlet Allocation and identified salient themes, topics, and representative tweets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We extracted 9 themes from 1,015,874 tweets on family violence and the COVID-19 pandemic: (1) increased vulnerability: COVID-19 and family violence (eg, rising rates, increases in hotline calls, homicide); (2) types of family violence (eg, child abuse, domestic violence, sexual abuse); (3) forms of family violence (eg, physical aggression, coercive control); (4) risk factors linked to family violence (eg, alcohol abuse, financial constraints, guns, quarantine); (5) victims of family violence (eg, the LGBTQ [lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning] community, women, women of color, children); (6) social services for family violence (eg, hotlines, social workers, confidential services, shelters, funding); (7) law enforcement response (eg, 911 calls, police arrest, protective orders, abuse reports); (8) social movements and awareness (eg, support victims, raise awareness); and (9) domestic violence\u2013related news (eg, Tara Reade, Melissa DeRosa).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study overcomes limitations in the existing scholarship where data on the consequences of COVID-19 on family violence are lacking. We contribute to understanding family violence during the pandemic by providing surveillance via tweets. This is essential for identifying potentially useful policy programs that can offer targeted support for victims and survivors as we prepare for future outbreaks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/24361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T23:21:18Z","timestamp":1603754478000},"page":"e24361","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["The Hidden Pandemic of Family Violence During COVID-19: Unsupervised Learning of Tweets"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1668-2531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8897-754X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junxiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0609-0401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5068-8833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ran","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0020-3812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingshao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Everything on her shoulders: rapid assessment on gender and violence against women and girls in the Ebola outbreak in Beni, DRCInternational Rescue Committee20193152020-07-11https:\/\/www.rescue.org\/report\/everything-her-shoulders-rapid-assessment-gender-and-violence-against-women-and-girls-ebola"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100348"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.1562"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17062032"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124552"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20471\/dec.2020.56.02.06"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa128"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15296"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsir.2020.100089"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"PetermanAPottsAO'DonnellMThompsonKShahNOertelt-PrigioneSvan GelderNPandemics and violence against women and childrenCenter for Global Development2020412020-07-11https:\/\/www.cgdev.org\/publication\/pandemics-and-violence-against-women-and-children"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Joint Leaders' statement - Violence against children: A hidden crisis of the COVID-19 pandemicWorld Health Organization2020482020-07-11https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y4hjedod"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Labor force statistics from the current population surveyUS Bureau of Labor Statistics2020-04-18https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/help\/one_screen\/ln.htm"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13092"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102227"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"151","author":"Gelles, RJ","year":"1983","journal-title":"The Dark Side of Families: Current Family Violence Research"},{"key":"ref16","author":"Gelles, RJ","year":"1979","journal-title":"Contemporary Theories about the Family"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063219889059"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1087"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2010.506185"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"COVID-19: Children at heightened risk of abuse, neglect, exploitation and violence amidst intensifying containment measuresUNICEF20203202020-07-21http:\/\/www.unicef.org\/press-releases\/covid-19-children-heightened-risk-abuse-neglect-exploitation-and-violence-amidst"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-0982"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.04.003"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/19831"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Kottasov\u00e1IDi DonatoVWomen are using code words at pharmacies to escape domestic violence during lockdownCNN2020462020-07-21https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2020\/04\/02\/europe\/domestic-violence-coronavirus-lockdown-intl\/index.html"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"GodinMHow Coronavirus is Affecting Victims of Domestic ViolenceTime20203182020-07-23https:\/\/time.com\/5803887\/coronavirus-domestic-violence-victims\/"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"KellyJMorganTCoronavirus: Domestic Abuse Calls up 25% Since Lockdown, Charity SaysBBC News2020462020-07-23https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-52157620"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"FraserEImpact of COVID-19 pandemic on violence against women and girlsSocial Development Direct20203162020-07-23https:\/\/www.sddirect.org.uk\/media\/1881\/vawg-helpdesk-284-covid-19-and-vawg.pdf"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104241"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Addressing violence against children, women and older people during the Covid-19 pandemic: Key actionsWorld Health Organization20206182020-06-17https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-2019-nCoV-Violence_actions-2020.1"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-2667(20)30112-2"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1157"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/22590"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.04.077"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"FarhatiningsihLSalamahUUtilization of Twitter as communication strategy for issues management by government public relations practitionersSemantic Scholar20182020-10-30https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Utilization-of-Twitter-as-Communication-Strategy-by-Farhatiningsih-Salamah\/aae209b09211a34636447ad6324f683c05b7b145"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pubrev.2012.01.005"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2012.727956"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10591-015-9360-8"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vio.2017.0066"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbe2.160"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/13837"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/19016"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-05889-w"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13247"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239441"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-8765.2010.01108.x"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"993","volume":"3","author":"Blei, D","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"Child abusers eligible for immediate release under California\u2019s new $0 cash bail emergency mandateNews Break20204212020-07-21https:\/\/www.newsbreak.com\/news\/1550710194577\/child-abusers-eligible-for-immediate-release-under-californias-new-0-cash-bail-emergency-mandate"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2011.0024"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200634"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199701000-00025"},{"key":"ref51","unstructured":"TjadenPThoennesNPrevalence, Incidence and Consequences of Violence Against Women: Findings from the National Violence Against Women SurveyNational Institute of Justice, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention1998112020-07-21https:\/\/www.ncjrs.gov\/pdffiles\/172837.pdf"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519888523"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2016.1225097"},{"key":"ref54","unstructured":"BelandL-PBrodeurAHaddadJMikolaDIZA DP No. 13332: COVID-19, Family Stress and Domestic Violence: Remote Work, Isolation and Bargaining PowerIZA Institute of Labor Economics202062020-07-21https:\/\/www.iza.org\/publications\/dp\/13332\/covid-19-family-stress-and-domestic-violence-remote-work-isolation-and-bargaining-power"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2020.101594"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200634"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/11306"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Internet Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2020\/11\/e24361","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:34:59Z","timestamp":1782840899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2020\/11\/e24361\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/24361","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2196\/preprints.24361","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.08.13.20167452","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1438-8871"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-8871","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]]}}}