{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T22:21:48Z","timestamp":1787869308952,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Internet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, new digital solutions have been developed for infection control. In particular, contact tracing mobile apps provide a means for governments to manage both health and economic concerns. However, public reception of these apps is paramount to their success, and global uptake rates have been low.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we sought to identify the characteristics of individuals or factors potentially associated with voluntary downloads of a contact tracing mobile app in Singapore.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cohort of 505 adults from the general community completed an online survey. As the primary outcome measure, participants were asked to indicate whether they had downloaded the contact tracing app TraceTogether introduced at the national level. The following were assessed as predictor variables: (1) participant demographics, (2) behavioral modifications on account of the pandemic, and (3) pandemic severity (the number of cases and lockdown status).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within our data set, the strongest predictor of the uptake of TraceTogether was the extent to which individuals had already adjusted their lifestyles because of the pandemic (z=13.56; P&lt;.001). Network analyses revealed that uptake was most related to the following: using hand sanitizers, avoiding public transport, and preferring outdoor over indoor venues during the pandemic. However, demographic and situational characteristics were not significantly associated with app downloads.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Efforts to introduce contact tracing apps could capitalize on pandemic-related behavioral adjustments among individuals. Given that a large number of individuals is required to download contact tracing apps for contact tracing to be effective, further studies are required to understand how citizens respond to contact tracing apps.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04468581, https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04468581<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/24730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T14:43:57Z","timestamp":1611067437000},"page":"e24730","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Predicting Public Uptake of Digital Contact Tracing During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results From a Nationwide Survey in Singapore"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8256-2039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Ern","family":"Saw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6678-6355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edina Yi-Qin","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1616-4769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica Shijia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0137-3450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean CJ","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"EtheringtonDApple and Google launch exposure notification API, enabling public health authorities to release appsTechCrunch202005202020-09-30http:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2020\/05\/20\/apple-and-google-launch-exposure-notification-api-enabling-public-health-authorities-to-release-apps\/"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) DashboardWorld Health Organization2020-09-30https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb6936"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30074-7"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020World Health Organization202003112020-08-06https:\/\/www.who.int\/dg\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"BlanchardOPhilipponTPisani-FerryJA new policy toolkit is needed as countries exit COVID-19 lockdownsBruegel2020062020-08-06https:\/\/www.bruegel.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/PC-12-2020-230620.pdf"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa037"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3557504"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30729-7"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30551-1"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30157-2"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30184-9"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jnr.0000387610.78273.db"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-214051"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.13.20022707"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8880"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3609516"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/CAT.20.0342"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"COVIDSafe appAustralian Government: Department of Health2020-09-30https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/resources\/apps-and-tools\/covidsafe-app"},{"key":"ref20","author":"Reelfs, J","journal-title":"arXiv csCY"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"HinchRProbertWNurtayAKendallMWymantCHallMFraserCEffective configurations of a digital contact tracing app: A report to NHSX2020052020-08-06https:\/\/cdn.theconversation.com\/static_files\/files\/1009\/Report_-_Effective_App_Configurations.pdf?1587531217"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"ChanSCOVID-19 Contact tracing apps reach 9% adoption In most populous countriesSensorTower202007142020-09-30https:\/\/sensortower.com\/blog\/contact-tracing-app-adoption"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Qatar makes COVID-19 app mandatory, experts question efficiencyAl Jazeera202005262020-09-30https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2020\/05\/qatar-covid-19-app-mandatory-experts-question-efficiency-200524201502130.html"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"RiveroNGlobal contact tracing app downloads lag behind effective levelsQuartz202007152020-10-01https:\/\/qz.com\/1880457\/global-contact-tracing-app-downloads-lag-behind-effective-levels\/"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0832-5"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"AndersonMAuxierBMost Americans don\u2019t think cellphone tracking will help limit COVID-19, are divided on whether it\u2019s acceptablePew Research Center202004162020-09-30https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2020\/04\/16\/most-americans-dont-think-cellphone-tracking-will-help-limit-covid-19-are-divided-on-whether-its-acceptable\/"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/qe9b6"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/19857"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"How Singapore\u2019s Covid-19 contact tracing app drew inspiration from a US high school projectReuters202006102020-09-30https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/asia\/southeast-asia\/article\/3088389\/how-singapores-covid-19-contact-tracing-app-drew"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"Bluetooth tracking and COVID-19: A tech primerPrivacy International202003312020-10-02https:\/\/www.privacyinternational.org\/explainer\/3536\/bluetooth-tracking-and-covid-19-tech-primer"},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"BayJKekJTanAHauCYongquanLTanJQuyTBlueTrace: A privacy-preserving protocol for community-driven contact tracing across bordersGovernment Technology Agency-Singapore Tech Rep20202020-08-06https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/b460\/fbaf2041cec41ee1266fcf1b60d3683d137b.pdf"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"FerrettiLWymantCKendallMZhaoLNurtayAAbeler-D\u00f6rnerLParkerMBonsallDFraserCDigital contact tracing: comparing the capabilities of centralised and decentralised data architectures to effectively suppress the COVID-19 epidemic whilst maximising freedom of movement and maintaining privacyUniversity of Oxford202005072020-08-06https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y4bjggke"},{"key":"ref33","author":"Cho, H","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv csCR. e-Print posted online on March 25, 2020"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"TraceTogetherGovernment of Singapore202007202020-08-06https:\/\/www.tracetogether.gov.sg"},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"Smartphone penetration rate as share of the population in Singapore from 2015 to 2025Statista202007302020-12-01https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/625441\/smartphone-user-penetration-in-singapore\/"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"LiuJCOVID-19 in Singapore: A nation-wide surveyOFSH202006242020-10-01https:\/\/osf.io\/pv3bj\/"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/22142"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.08.06.20169870"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2016-000111"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30063-5"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-4910.2016.tb00231.x"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00281-5"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000349"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2739118"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Internet Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2021\/2\/e24730","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:35:55Z","timestamp":1782840955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2021\/2\/e24730"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/24730","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2196\/preprints.24730","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.08.26.20182386","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1438-8871"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-8871","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]}}}