{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T20:13:50Z","timestamp":1792700030353,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Serious Games"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Specific learning difficulties (SpLD) include several disorders such as dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia, and the children with these SpLD receive special education. However, the studies and the educational material so far focus mainly on one specific disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study\u2019s primary goal is to develop comprehensive training material for different types of SpLD, with five serious games addressing different aspects of the SpLD. The second focus is measuring the impact of adaptive difficulty level adjustment in the children\u2019s and their educators\u2019 usability and technology acceptance perception. Receiving feedback from the children and their educators, and refining the games according to their suggestions have also been essential in this two-phase study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 10 SpLD educators and 23 children with different types of SpLD tested the prototypes of the five serious games (ie, Word game, Memory game, Category game, Space game, and Math game), gave detailed feedback, answered the System Usability Scale and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) questionnaires, and applied think-aloud protocols during game play.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The games\u2019 standard and adaptive versions were analyzed in terms of average playtime and the number of false answers. Detailed analyses of the interviews, with word clouds and player performances, were also provided. The TAM questionnaires\u2019 average and mean values and box plots of each data acquisition session for the children and the educators were also reported via System Usability Scale and TAM questionnaires. The TAM results of the educators had an average of 8.41 (SD 0.87) out of 10 in the first interview and an average of 8.71 (SD 0.64) out of 10 in the second interview. The children had an average of 9.07 (SD 0.56) out of 10 in the first interview.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both the educators and the children with SpLD enjoyed playing the games, gave positive feedback, and suggested new ways for improvement. The results showed that these games provide thorough training material for different types of SpLD with personalized and tailored difficulty systems. The final version of the proposed games will become a part of the special education centers\u2019 supplementary curriculum and training materials, making new enhancements and improvements possible in the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/25997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T09:46:41Z","timestamp":1622454401000},"page":"e25997","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Developing Adaptive Serious Games for Children With Specific Learning Difficulties: A Two-phase Usability and Technology Acceptance Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6123-5709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oguzcan","family":"Yildirim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0738-6669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elif","family":"Surer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3409"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12984\/egeefd.453922"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"BellottiFOttMArnabSBertaRde FreitasSKiiliKDe GloriaADesigning serious games for education: from pedagogical principles to game mechanisms2011101The 5th European Conference on Games Based Learning2011Athens, Greece"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.01.044"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cgames.2012.6314544"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3192714.3192816"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-05532-5_12","author":"Avila-Pesantez, DF","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technology Trends: 4th International Conference, CITT 2018, Babahoyo, Ecuador, August 29\u201331, 2018, Revised Selected Papers"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17083\/ijsg.v5i3.242"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/resprot.9583"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/13190"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mODevelopment of adaptive serious games for the training of children with specific learning disabilitiesOpenMETU202009102021-05-27https:\/\/open.metu.edu.tr\/handle\/11511\/69207"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/games.7923"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/games.8013"},{"key":"ref14","author":"Brooke, J","year":"1996","journal-title":"Usability Evaluation In Industry"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Davis, JrFDA technology acceptance model for empirically testing new end-user information systems: theory and resultsDSpace@MIT19852021-05-27https:\/\/dspace.mit.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/1721.1\/15192\/14927137-MIT.pdf"},{"key":"ref16","author":"Czikszentmihalyi, M","year":"1990","journal-title":"Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tlt.2010.32"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tg.2018.2791019"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/macs48846.2019.9024786"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"114","author":"Bangor, A","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Usability Stud"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/vs-games.2014.7012167"}],"container-title":["JMIR Serious Games"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/games.jmir.org\/2021\/2\/e25997","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:39:13Z","timestamp":1782841153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/games.jmir.org\/2021\/2\/e25997"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/25997","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2196\/preprints.25997","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2291-9279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2291-9279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]}}}