{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:02:08Z","timestamp":1782842528459,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the second wave of COVID-19 in August 2020, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government implemented public health and social measures to reduce on-site dining. Assessing the associations between human behavior, infection, and social measures is essential to understand achievable reductions in cases and identify the factors driving changes in social dynamics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the association between nighttime population volumes, the COVID-19 epidemic, and the implementation of public health and social measures in Tokyo.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used mobile phone location data to estimate populations between 10 PM and midnight in seven Tokyo metropolitan areas. Mobile phone trajectories were used to distinguish and extract on-site dining from stay-at-work and stay-at-home behaviors. Numbers of new cases and symptom onsets were obtained. Weekly mobility and infection data from March 1 to November 14, 2020, were analyzed using a vector autoregression model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An increase in the number of symptom onsets was observed 1 week after the nighttime population volume increased (coefficient=0.60, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.92). The effective reproduction number significantly increased 3 weeks after the nighttime population volume increased (coefficient=1.30, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.89). The nighttime population volume increased significantly following reports of decreasing numbers of confirmed cases (coefficient=\u20130.44, 95% CI \u20130.73 to \u20130.15). Implementation of social measures to restaurants and bars was not significantly associated with nighttime population volume (coefficient=0.004, 95% CI \u20130.07 to 0.08).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The nighttime population started to increase after decreasing incidence of COVID-19 was announced. Considering time lags between infection and behavior changes, social measures should be planned in advance of the surge of an epidemic, sufficiently informed by mobility data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/27342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T15:02:17Z","timestamp":1619103737000},"page":"e27342","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["On-site Dining in Tokyo During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Time Series Analysis Using Mobile Phone Location Data"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6200-9279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miharu","family":"Nakanishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8760-244X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Shibasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9016-6404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syudo","family":"Yamasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7103-3000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Miyazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5670-2242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Usami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6530-891X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Nishiura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6451-7699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsushi","family":"Nishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12839"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(20)30833-1"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2405-7"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30133-X"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)32350-3"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2007658117"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)32007-9"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6936a5"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Coronavirus (COVID-19): what has changed? 22 SeptemberUK Cabinet Office202009222020-11-20https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/news\/coronavirus-covid-19-what-has-changed-22-september"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Coronavirus: Paris to shut bars and raise alert to maximumBBC202010052020-11-20https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-54413563"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030398"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Disaster prevention information. 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